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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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education is a social institute that is responsible for
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transmitting knowledge, skills and cultural values in a formally organized structure
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what perspective views education as one of the most important social institutions
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functionalists
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functionalist's view on education
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education contributes to smooth functioning in society, personal fulfillment and upward mobility
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the manifest functions of education
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socialization, transmission of culture (transmit cultural norms and values to students), social control, social placement, change and innovation
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the latent functions of education
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keeps kids off streets, keeps young people out of the job market for a few years (reducing unemployment), establishes social networks, serves as matchmaking purpose
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a major dysfunction of education
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our public schools are not adequately preparing students for jobs and global competition
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studies have found _______ to be the most effective predictor of achievement in school
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social class
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cultural capital
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knowledge of higher culture such as art and music that facilitates acceptance into high status groups (knowledge and skills children learn from home)
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de jure
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legal segregation- law requires the separation of different ethnic or racial groups
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de facto
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actual segregation- ethnic or racial groups are separated from each other even though law does not require it
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why do most schools remain segregated
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because most neighborhoods are segregated
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to whom is education unequal to
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the poor, immigrants, women and minorities
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bureaucracy
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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives
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most schools are large...
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bureaucracies
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authoritarianism
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an extreme belief in the importance of authority and in the individuals responsibility to submit to it
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hidden curriculum
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things students must learn in order to succeed in school that are not part of the formal curriculum (obedience to authority)
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conflict perspective on education
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hidden curriculum (teaches students to be obedient, patriotic and reproduce existing class relationships), schools perpetuate inequalities based on class, race, gender, students possess different levels of cultural capital
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why do students from middle and upper income homes have considerable cultural capital
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their parents have taught them about books, art, music and other forms of culture, whereas students with low income families have not had same opportunities to acquire cultural capital
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sexism
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stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination based on gender
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prestige gap
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refers to the differences between elite schools and less elite schools
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the sociologist that concludes that children of lower income families have less cultural capital
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Pierre Bourdieu
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according to Bowles and Herberts schools follow what kind of structure
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capitalist structure
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human capital includes
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skills, knowledge and personal attributes
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symbolic interactionists view on education
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focuses on the affects of labeling and classroom interaction, concerned with the vital role schools play in shaping student's realities
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what perspective sees education as a necessary part of the socialization process
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symbolic interationists
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labeling in schools can lead to
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self-fulfilling prophecies
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self-fulfilling prophecies from labeling (standardized testing/IQ tests)
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children see themselves based on the unsubstantiated beliefs and predictions of others
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functional illiteracy
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unable to read and or write at the skill level necessary for carrying out everyday tasks
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problems in education
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functional illiteracy, inequality of race class and gender in classroom, school violence, and lack of funding
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most immigrants rely on what to educate their kids... why?
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education/schools because most immigrants have limited formal education and few job skills
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schools with high percentages of minorities tend to have
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high teacher-student ratios, less qualified teachers, lower expectations of students and high dropout rates
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what is tracking in education
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assigning students to specific courses
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tracking in schools causes
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segregation of the students
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credentialism
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an emphasis on getting higher degree
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solutions for problems in education- functionalists/conservative
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greater emphasis on teaching students the basics to prepare them with job skills needed, work on reducing dysfunctions (school violence, illiteracy)
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solutions for problems in education- conflict/liberal
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major restructuring must occur in education to reduce inequality
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solutions for problems in education- interactionists
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reduce incidence of labeling, help students develop self confidence needed to have greater achievements
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social institutions
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systems within a society that provide frameworks for individuals
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power in politics
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the ability to get what you want done, despite resistance from others
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what holds a government together
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power of economics
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who proposed that political systems are based on three forms of authority
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sociologist max weber
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three forms of authority in political systems
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traditional, charismatic and rational-legal authority
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traditional system of authority
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social power is achieved through general respect for patterns of government- monarchy (king and queen
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charismatic system of authority
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power is gained by a leader who has extraordinary personal attributes (nelson mandela, bill clinton, martin luther king
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rational-legal authority
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stems from the rules and standards officially sanctified by a society- rights and regulations in the constitution
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types of government (4)
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monarchy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, democracy
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monarchy
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political system based on the idea that leaders are selected by heritage or divine right- usually run by single family that passes power down through generations (king or queen, traditional authority)
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what kind of authority does a monarchy have
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traditional
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authoritarianism
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form of government that gives citizens little say in how a nation is run and encourages absolute submission to authority (dictator or oligarchy, charisma authority)
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dictator
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single person with complete control (authoritarianism)
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oligarchy
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small group of influential people who rule the nation together (authoritarianism)
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totalitarianism
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when authoritarian gov. controls every aspect of citizens lives- gov tells people how many kids to have, what jobs to hold and where they can live
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what kind of authority does authoritarianism have
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charismatic authority
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democracy
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political system in which power is held by citizens and exercised through participation and representation (means ruled by the people in greek) (rational-legal authority)
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what type of authority does democracy have
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rational-legal authority
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representative democracy
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US government, we choose officials through state-run elections, officials given authority to make decisions for us
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problem with representative democracy
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not every citizen takes advantage of the right to elect leaders
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voter apathy
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citizens with the right to vote choose not to, not everyone's voice is hear, tends to affect racial minorities
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politics in the US are based on
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two party system
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the two political parties in the US
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the democratic party and the republican party
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how are democrats and republican views the same? how are they different?
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both agree that social issues such as unemployment, unequal education and problems in health care exist; they differ in the solutions that they propose
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what party prefers having the government solve social problems
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democrats
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what party prefers that the private sectors deal with social problems
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republicans
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democrats generally support
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expanded government services
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republicans encourage
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independence from government (Suggest that individuals can solve social issues if government simply gets out of the way)
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functionalists perspective on government
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naturally balanced, in order for a society to work, the social institutions must be connected and orderly
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according to Robert Dahl, power is...
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distributed widely enough in democracies that groups are driven to compete and work with each other to achieve goals
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according to functionalists, competition and alliance...
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leads group to temper their ideals, leaving society solidly in the middle, balancing between extremes
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how do functionalists see the problems of government
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signs of disorganization, the political institution has failed to work correctly and must be adjusted so that it runs smoothly again
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who suggested that a power elite runs the US
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C. Wright Mills
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power elite
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group compromised of top military officials, heads of major corporations and high-ranking political leaders
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conflict theory of government belives
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a power elite runs the US- pulls strings that control the economy and politics of american society
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how do conflict theorists see the problems of government
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political systems create social problems because it was intentionally designed to favor the elite and the organized special interests
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who said The United States is ruled by those with the most societal power
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william domhoff
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interlocking directorates
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placing the same people on a variety of corporate boards, allowing separate companies to be controlled by a small elite group
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what group often interacts with political leaders in exclusive clubs and directs the course of US government
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interlocking directorates
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symbolic internationalists view on government
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focus on how people define issues and hows those definitions influence actions- political decisions depend on how society defines certain issues
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where does the funding come from for political campaigns
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from individuals and groups who have a vested interest in the candidate or political party the candidate represents
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what are PACS
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political action committees- interest groups that allocate money to political parties, associated often with either democrats or republicans
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McCain-Feingold-Cochran Bipartisan campaign reform bill
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2002- prevents contributions from being distributed through unethical means, ban on soft money
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soft money
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one-time cash contributions to national political parties from corporations, labor unions and wealthy individuals
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3 principal theoretical approaches to run the government
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elite theorists, pluralists and structuralists
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elite theorists
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believe that government is run by small, unified power elite
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pluralists
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see many different groups competing for power and are not convinced that a single ruling class exists (democratic process)
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structuralists
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believe that the structure of capitalist society forces government to support and protect the interests of a privileged few (upper class)
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why military should cut spending
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soviet union no longer a threat, US already maintains the most devastating weapons, money could be spent elsewhere
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globalization
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the growth of a worldwide economic, political and social system
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two basic types of economic systems (economies)
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capitalism and socialism
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economic system (economy)
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a social institution that helps a society organize what it produces, distributes and consumes, including goods and services
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capitalism
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economic system in which individuals and private corporations can own and operate the production of goods
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3 main characteristics of capitalism
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private ownership of property, profit motivation, competition in a free market
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profit motivation in capitalism can..
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help people rise from poverty but also create problems in society
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monopolies
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companies with exclusive control of the production or trade of a product
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free market
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an economic market that operates without government control
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why do employee related problems occur in capitalism
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because profit is the underlying motive of capitalism
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what is the main employee-related problem in capitalism
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danger of companies exploiting workers
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what creates competition in capitalists societies
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free market
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free markets provides consumers with...
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more goods while keeping prices low
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price elasticity of demand
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the demand for products doesn't change much when the prices go up
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Karl Marx and capitalism
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first and most vocal critic of capitalism - believed that capitalism eventually leads to the exploitation of the common people
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socialism
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economic system by which resources and the means of production are owned collectively by the citizens
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who proposed socialism
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Karl Marx
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socialism is based on the idea that....
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goods and services are produced and distributed to meet the needs of society, not to generate a profit
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social problems of socialism
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if individual gain is not possible, people wont strive to create new and innovative things- stifles people, lack of motivation
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democratic socialism
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economic system involving a blend of free-market capitalism and government regulation of the economy
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how is inequality decreased in democratic socialism
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government takes active role in redistributing the wealth of the nation
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convergence theory
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blending of capitalism and socialism
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how does US blend principles of free market capitalism and socialism
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minimum wage and child labor laws, taxation, false advertising laws, free education/roads/parks
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corporation
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legal entity that has an objective to make a profit for its owners
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transitional corporations
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multinational corporations- businesses that operate in at least two countries and have the interests of their company at heart rather than the interests of their country of origin
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demographs
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influences society- statistical characteristics of human population such as gender and age
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unemployment is classified by US government standards if... (3 reasons)
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they do not have a job, are actively looking for work, are currently available to start employment
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entreprenuer
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a person who establishes, organizes, manages, and assumes all risks of an organization
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entrepreneurship
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the creation of new organizations in response to economic and social opportunities
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what 2 things created a need to place certain restrictions on transactions
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International conflicts and national health regulations
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embargo
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a restriction on trade enforced by government -cuba 1962
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tariffs
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taxes placed on traded items
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why do high tariffs limit amount of trade
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because added tax makes the cost too high for consumers
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What does NAFTA stand for
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the north american free trade agreement
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North american free trade agreement
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established in 1994 to allow free trade on agricultural products between the US, mexico and canada
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benefits of the north american free trade agreement
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provided major economic boost for these countries, benefited both developed and developing nations, allows developing countries the opportunity to sell products at a fair price, provides a wider variety of products with competitive pricing to wealthy counties
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