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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Legitimate Authority
Power whose use is considered just and appropriate by those over whom the power is exercised
Traditional Authority
Power that is rooted in traditional, or long standing, beliefs and practices of a society
Rational-Legal Authority
Derives from law and is based ona belief in the legitimacy of a society's laws and rules and in the right of the leaders acting under these rules to make decisions and set policy
Charismatic Authority
stems from an individual's extraordinary personal qualities and from that individual's hold over followers because of these qualities
Example of Charismatic Authority
MLK
Ronald Reagan
Adolf Hitler
Example of Traditional Authority
Kings
Example of Rational-Legal Authority
The Pope
Types of political systems
Democracy, Representative Democracy, Monarchy, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism.
Democracy
A political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly
Representative Democracy
People elect officials to represent them in legislative votes on matter affecting population
Monarchy
A political system in which power resides in a single family that rules from one generation to another
Authoritarianism
Political systems in which an individual or group of individuals holds power, retricts or prohibits popular participation in governance, and represses dissent
Totalitarianism
political systems that include all the features of authoritarianism but are even more repressive as they try to regulate and control all aspects of citizens' lives and fortunes
Forms of economic systems
Capitalism, Socialism, Democratic Socialism
Capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned. Adam smith says the most important goal of capitalism is the individual pursuit of personal profit
Socialism
An economic system in which the means of production are collectively owned, usually by the government. Individuals do not compete with each other for profit; instead they work together for the good of everyone
Democratic Socialism
Economic and political system in which the government owns several important industries and provides many social benefits, but also in which private ownership remains common
3 sectors of economy
Primary Sector, Secondary Sector, Tertiary Sector
Primary Sector
Part of the economy that takes and uses raw materials directly from the natural environment. Includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining
Secondary Sector
Part of the economy that transforms raw materials into finished products and is essentially the manufacturing industry
Tertiary Sector
Part of the economy that provides services rather than products. Includes clerical work, health care, teaching, and information technology services
Polity
The political institution through which power is distributed and exercised
Power
The ability to have one's will carried out despite the resistance of others
Pluralist theory
The view that political power in the United States and other democracies is dispersed among several veto groups that complete in the political process for resources and influences (Dahl)
Elite theories
Theories that say the power in a democracy is concentrated in the hands of a relatively few individuals, families, and/or organizations (C. Wright Mills)
Power elite
C. Wright Mills term for the leaders from government, big business, and the military who he thought constitute a ruling class that controls society and works for its own interests, not for the interests of the citizenry
Political ideology
View on social, political, and economic issues
Political alienation
A lack of faith that voting makes a difference and the government can be helpful
Political Action Committees (PAC)
Organizations formed by special-interest groups to raise and spend money on behalf of political campaigns of candidates for Congress.
Division of labor
The specialization of work, such that individuals perform only specific aspects of a task or project
Consequence of industrialization
Loss of craft work, Division of labor
Militarism
Overemphasis on military policy and spending
Education
The social institution through which a society teaches its members the skills, knowledge, norms, and values they need to learn to become good, productive members of society
Functionalism (Education)
Education serves several functions for society. Socialization, social integration, social placement, and social and cultural innovation. Latent functions include child care, the establishment of peer relationships, and lowering unemployment by keeping high school students out of the full-time labor force.
Conflict theory (Education)
Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and standardized testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ widely in their funding and learning conditions, and this type of inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.
Symbolic interactionism (Education)
This perspective focuses on social interaction in the classroom, on the playground, and in other school venues. Specific research finds that social interaction in schools affects the development of gender roles and that teachers’ expectations of pupils’ intellectual abilities affect how much pupils learn.
Hidden curriculum
A set of values and beliefs learned in school that support the status quo, including the existing social hierarchy
Credential society
A society in which higher education is seen as evidence of the attainment of the needed knowledge and skills for various kinds of jobs
De facto segregation
School segregation stemming from neighborhood residential patterns
Functionalism (Religion)
Religion serves several functions for society. These include giving meaning and purpose to life, reinforcing social unity and stability, serving as an agent of social control of behavior, promoting physical and psychological well being, and motivating people to work for positive social change (Emile Durkheim)
Conflict theory (Religion)
Religion reinforces and promotes social inequality and social conflict. It helps to convince the poor to accept their lot in life, and it leads to hostility and violence motivated by religious differences.
Symbolic Interactionism (Religion)
This perspective focuses on the ways in which individuals interpret their religious experiences. It emphasizes that beliefs and practices are not sacred unless people regard them as such. Once they are regarded as sacred, they take on special significance and give meaning to people’s lives.
Ecclesia
A large, bureaucratic religion organization that is a formal part of the state and has most or all of a state's citizens as its members
Denomination
A large, bureaucratic religion organization that is closely integrated into the larger society but is not a formal part of the state
Sect
A relatively small religious organization that is not closely integrated within the larger society and that often conflicts with at least some of its norms and values
Cult
A small religious organization that is at great odds with the norms and values of the larger society
Religiosity
The significance of religion in a person's life, an important topic of investigation
Secularization
The weakening importance of religion in a society
Religious conservatism
The belief that the a return to the teachings of the Bible and religious spirituality is necessary to combat the corrupting influences of modern life
Social change
The transformation of culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure over time.
Modernization
The process and impact of becoming more modern
Mechanic solidarity
Emile Durkheim's conception of the type of social bonds and community feeling in small, traditional societies resulting from their homogeneity
Organic solidarity
Stems from the division of labor, in which everyone has to depend on everyone else to perform their jobs
Functionalism (Social change)
Society is in a natural state of equilibrium. Gradual change is necessary and desirable and typically stems from such things as population growth, technological advances, and interaction with other societies that brings new ways of thinking and acting. However, sudden social change is undesirable because it disrupts this equilibrium. To prevent this from happening, other parts of society must make appropriate adjustments if one part of society sees too sudden a change.
Conflict theory (Social change)
Because the status quo is characterized by social inequality and other problems, sudden social change in the form of protest or revolution is both desirable and necessary to reduce or eliminate social inequality and to address other social ills.
Equilibrium model
Talcott Parson's functionalist view that society's balance is disturbed by social change
Demography
The study of population growth and changes in population composition
Fertility
Number of live births
Crude birth rate
The number of live births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year
General Fertility rate
The number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44
total fertility rate
The number of children an average woman is expected to have in her lifetime
Mortality
The number of deaths
Crude death rate
The number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year
Migration
The movement of people into and out of specific regions
Demographic transition theory
Links population growth to the level of technological development across three stages of social evolution
Urbanization
The rise and growth of cities
Social movement
An organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social change
Relative deprivation
The feeling by individuals that they are deprived relative to some other group or to some ideal state they have not reached
Mass society theory
William Kornhauser's view that social isolation prompts involvement in collective behavior and social movements
Structural-strain theory
The social movements and other collective behavior occur when several conditions are present. One of these conditions is structural strain, which refers to problems in society that cause people to be angry and frustrated
Resource Mobilization theory
Social movement activity is a rational response to unsatisfactory conditions in society. Because these conditions always exist, so does discontent with them