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71 Cards in this Set
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Legitimate Authority
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Power whose use is considered just and appropriate by those over whom the power is exercised
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Traditional Authority
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Power that is rooted in traditional, or long standing, beliefs and practices of a society
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Rational-Legal Authority
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Derives from law and is based ona belief in the legitimacy of a society's laws and rules and in the right of the leaders acting under these rules to make decisions and set policy
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Charismatic Authority
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stems from an individual's extraordinary personal qualities and from that individual's hold over followers because of these qualities
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Example of Charismatic Authority
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MLK
Ronald Reagan Adolf Hitler |
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Example of Traditional Authority
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Kings
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Example of Rational-Legal Authority
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The Pope
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Types of political systems
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Democracy, Representative Democracy, Monarchy, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism.
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Democracy
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A political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly
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Representative Democracy
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People elect officials to represent them in legislative votes on matter affecting population
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Monarchy
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A political system in which power resides in a single family that rules from one generation to another
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Authoritarianism
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Political systems in which an individual or group of individuals holds power, retricts or prohibits popular participation in governance, and represses dissent
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Totalitarianism
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political systems that include all the features of authoritarianism but are even more repressive as they try to regulate and control all aspects of citizens' lives and fortunes
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Forms of economic systems
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Capitalism, Socialism, Democratic Socialism
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned. Adam smith says the most important goal of capitalism is the individual pursuit of personal profit
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Socialism
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An economic system in which the means of production are collectively owned, usually by the government. Individuals do not compete with each other for profit; instead they work together for the good of everyone
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Democratic Socialism
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Economic and political system in which the government owns several important industries and provides many social benefits, but also in which private ownership remains common
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3 sectors of economy
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Primary Sector, Secondary Sector, Tertiary Sector
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Primary Sector
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Part of the economy that takes and uses raw materials directly from the natural environment. Includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining
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Secondary Sector
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Part of the economy that transforms raw materials into finished products and is essentially the manufacturing industry
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Tertiary Sector
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Part of the economy that provides services rather than products. Includes clerical work, health care, teaching, and information technology services
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Polity
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The political institution through which power is distributed and exercised
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Power
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The ability to have one's will carried out despite the resistance of others
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Pluralist theory
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The view that political power in the United States and other democracies is dispersed among several veto groups that complete in the political process for resources and influences (Dahl)
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Elite theories
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Theories that say the power in a democracy is concentrated in the hands of a relatively few individuals, families, and/or organizations (C. Wright Mills)
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Power elite
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C. Wright Mills term for the leaders from government, big business, and the military who he thought constitute a ruling class that controls society and works for its own interests, not for the interests of the citizenry
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Political ideology
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View on social, political, and economic issues
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Political alienation
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A lack of faith that voting makes a difference and the government can be helpful
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Political Action Committees (PAC)
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Organizations formed by special-interest groups to raise and spend money on behalf of political campaigns of candidates for Congress.
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Division of labor
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The specialization of work, such that individuals perform only specific aspects of a task or project
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Consequence of industrialization
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Loss of craft work, Division of labor
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Militarism
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Overemphasis on military policy and spending
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Education
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The social institution through which a society teaches its members the skills, knowledge, norms, and values they need to learn to become good, productive members of society
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Functionalism (Education)
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Education serves several functions for society. Socialization, social integration, social placement, and social and cultural innovation. Latent functions include child care, the establishment of peer relationships, and lowering unemployment by keeping high school students out of the full-time labor force.
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Conflict theory (Education)
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Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and standardized testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ widely in their funding and learning conditions, and this type of inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.
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Symbolic interactionism (Education)
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This perspective focuses on social interaction in the classroom, on the playground, and in other school venues. Specific research finds that social interaction in schools affects the development of gender roles and that teachers’ expectations of pupils’ intellectual abilities affect how much pupils learn.
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Hidden curriculum
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A set of values and beliefs learned in school that support the status quo, including the existing social hierarchy
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Credential society
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A society in which higher education is seen as evidence of the attainment of the needed knowledge and skills for various kinds of jobs
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De facto segregation
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School segregation stemming from neighborhood residential patterns
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Functionalism (Religion)
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Religion serves several functions for society. These include giving meaning and purpose to life, reinforcing social unity and stability, serving as an agent of social control of behavior, promoting physical and psychological well being, and motivating people to work for positive social change (Emile Durkheim)
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Conflict theory (Religion)
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Religion reinforces and promotes social inequality and social conflict. It helps to convince the poor to accept their lot in life, and it leads to hostility and violence motivated by religious differences.
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Symbolic Interactionism (Religion)
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This perspective focuses on the ways in which individuals interpret their religious experiences. It emphasizes that beliefs and practices are not sacred unless people regard them as such. Once they are regarded as sacred, they take on special significance and give meaning to people’s lives.
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Ecclesia
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A large, bureaucratic religion organization that is a formal part of the state and has most or all of a state's citizens as its members
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Denomination
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A large, bureaucratic religion organization that is closely integrated into the larger society but is not a formal part of the state
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Sect
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A relatively small religious organization that is not closely integrated within the larger society and that often conflicts with at least some of its norms and values
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Cult
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A small religious organization that is at great odds with the norms and values of the larger society
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Religiosity
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The significance of religion in a person's life, an important topic of investigation
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Secularization
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The weakening importance of religion in a society
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Religious conservatism
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The belief that the a return to the teachings of the Bible and religious spirituality is necessary to combat the corrupting influences of modern life
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Social change
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The transformation of culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure over time.
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Modernization
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The process and impact of becoming more modern
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Mechanic solidarity
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Emile Durkheim's conception of the type of social bonds and community feeling in small, traditional societies resulting from their homogeneity
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Organic solidarity
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Stems from the division of labor, in which everyone has to depend on everyone else to perform their jobs
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Functionalism (Social change)
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Society is in a natural state of equilibrium. Gradual change is necessary and desirable and typically stems from such things as population growth, technological advances, and interaction with other societies that brings new ways of thinking and acting. However, sudden social change is undesirable because it disrupts this equilibrium. To prevent this from happening, other parts of society must make appropriate adjustments if one part of society sees too sudden a change.
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Conflict theory (Social change)
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Because the status quo is characterized by social inequality and other problems, sudden social change in the form of protest or revolution is both desirable and necessary to reduce or eliminate social inequality and to address other social ills.
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Equilibrium model
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Talcott Parson's functionalist view that society's balance is disturbed by social change
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Demography
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The study of population growth and changes in population composition
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Fertility
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Number of live births
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Crude birth rate
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The number of live births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year
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General Fertility rate
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The number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44
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total fertility rate
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The number of children an average woman is expected to have in her lifetime
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Mortality
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The number of deaths
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Crude death rate
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The number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year
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Migration
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The movement of people into and out of specific regions
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Demographic transition theory
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Links population growth to the level of technological development across three stages of social evolution
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Urbanization
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The rise and growth of cities
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Social movement
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An organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social change
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Relative deprivation
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The feeling by individuals that they are deprived relative to some other group or to some ideal state they have not reached
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Mass society theory
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William Kornhauser's view that social isolation prompts involvement in collective behavior and social movements
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Structural-strain theory
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The social movements and other collective behavior occur when several conditions are present. One of these conditions is structural strain, which refers to problems in society that cause people to be angry and frustrated
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Resource Mobilization theory
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Social movement activity is a rational response to unsatisfactory conditions in society. Because these conditions always exist, so does discontent with them
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