Sociology 265

Front 1

Species character

Back 1

-What it means to be human
-what one is meant to do (free and conscious production)

Front 2

Alienation

Back 2

Separation from the species being

Front 3

Materialist conception of history

Back 3

Economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change

Front 4

Commodity fetishism

Back 4

When we see any item, we fail to recognize the worker who put effort into creating it

Front 5

Superstructure

Back 5

Ideas, politics, government (ruling forces)

Front 6

Ideology

Back 6

Shared ideas or beliefs that serve the interests of dominant groups

Front 7

Labor theory of value

Back 7

1.All value comes from labor
2.the value of labor is the labor time necessary to clothe, feed, and reproduce the worker
3.Exploitation via capitalism: Labor produces more than it costs to care for the worker (Paying the workers less than the value of what they produce.)

Front 8

Mature accumulation

Back 8

-opposed to Primitive Accumulation
-Force used to obtain $ through conquest

Front 9

Account of the rise of Cap

Back 9

-$ is forcibly acquired outside the capitalist system (Primitive Accumulation)
-Workers are separated from the means of production (eg, the land they lived/worked on)

Front 10

Class struggles

Back 10

Classes efforts to try and better their status in society

Front 11

Class consciousness

Back 11

-the self-awareness or lack thereof a particular class
-its capacity to act in its own rational interest

Front 12

Weber:
Interpretive sociology

Back 12

Analyzing the subjective meaning/viewpoint of the actors provides a sociological explanation (Ability to ascribe meaning makes us human)

EXAMPLE: Prostestant Ethics explains how Capitalism emerged as a result of the belief of working hard resulted in competition

Front 13

Weber:
Multidimensionality

Back 13

-Weber focuses on the influence of both ideas and material/economic factors
-Focus on technology and legal influences
-Acknowledges differences between groups based on class, status, party
-Whereas Marx focuses solely on class

Front 14

Weber:
Ideal types

Back 14

-Consistent/pure forms of situation
-isolating something in order to examine it
-they reflect the sociologist’s concerns/what the sociologist is interested in studying

EXAMPLE: Ben Franklin is an ideal form of capitalism because he exhibited the Spirit of Capitalism, before the actual system of capitalism existed

Front 15

Weber:
Charisma

Back 15

-Leads to revolutionary change
-Intrinsic to certain people (requires no training)
-no $/wealth associated with advancement

EXAMPLE: Luther had followers and said you should stop just standing around in the church and go do brotherly love by working a calling

Front 16

Weber:
Routinization

Back 16

Systemization of the teachings of a charismatic leader, carried out by the followers/cadres of that leader

EXAMPLE:Puritans developed the ideas and put it in ways for people to follow and to know if you’re doing well in a calling is if you are making the most money that you can

Front 17

Weber:
Account of the rise of Cap

Back 17

Protestant Ethic (PE) -> Spirit of Capitalism(SC) ->Capitalism
-Spirit of capitalism focuses on pursuing profit through a duty to a “calling”
-Profiting in a calling means you are doing God’s work
-Relates to Calvin’s predestination (If you were succeeding it was because you were one of the chosen few that were “saved” and going to heaven.)
-Religion is the source of these capitalist ideas

Front 18

Weber:
Bureaucracy

Back 18

type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority
-Based on formal, objective rules
-Technically efficient
-Loyalty to office, not individual (Impersonality)

Front 19

Weber:
Rationalization

Back 19

Process by which modes of precise calculation and organization increasingly come to dominate the social world

Front 20

Weber:
Disenchantment of the world (secularization):

Back 20

-Religion comes into conflict with other spheres (Family, Political, State, Intellectual, Erotic, etc.)
-Science and economics have become more and more central, trump religion
(Decline in its importance)

Front 21

Weber:
Characteristics of modernity

Back 21

1.Capitalism
2.Legal authority
3.Secularism
4.Science
5.Instrumental rationality
6.Bureaucracy

Front 22

Durkheim:
Morality

Back 22

-anything that brings us together
EXAMPLE: Religion is to bond people together
-Morality represents society
-our power to god is related to society because it appears god is punishing us but really its society punishing us

Front 23

Durkheim:
Collective conscience

Back 23

-Reaches all parts of society
-distinct reality
-independent of individual conditions
-passed on from one generation to the next

Front 24

Durkheim:
Mechanical solidarity

Back 24

Mechanical solidarity normally operates in "traditional" and small scale societies (soul, sacred, group)

Front 25

Durkheim:
Organic solidarity

Back 25

Social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole

Front 26

Durkheim:
Morality in modern times

Back 26

idea that bonds us together are individual rights and freedoms and makes us think nothing we do should ever violate others rights

Front 27

Durkheim:
Anomie

Back 27

Insufficient moral guidance

Front 28

Durkheim:
Occupational groups

Back 28

Groups created by a common employment position
-Provide concrete solidarity
-Provide concrete rules

Front 29

Durkheim:
Social density

Back 29

# of people within a society, increase results in Division of Labor
Results in:
-Demonstration of the power of society
-Idea of religion
-Increased attachment to symbols and ideas
-Imbues the object, people, & ideas with sacredness
-Increases individual’s strength/boldness
-New ideas

Front 30

Durkheim:
Source of religious beliefs

Back 30

Represents the power of society (as a ubiquitous, powerful force)

Front 31

Durkheim:
Social facts

Back 31

Aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals

Front 32

Durkheim:
Cultural constraint

Back 32

Occurs when social facts are internalized and disallow individuals in acting in a way that is unacceptable to society (Because it’s internalized, it’s not perceived)

Front 33

Durkheim and Functionalism

Back 33

Functionalism:
Explains phenomenon by focusing on the social needs of society
-Ignores dysfunctions
-Only focuses on the ends, ignores the means
Proposition:
-State provides individual rights, makes one think of other people
-OGs exist to provide concrete social solidarity, (such as a sociology conference)
-Serves the function of bringing people together.

Front 34

Marx and Conflict theory

Back 34

Conflict theory
Focuses on the struggles of class groups in their efforts to get ahead
-Unidemensional
-Misses the possibility of altruism
Proposition:
-State advances the ruling class’ interests
-OGs struggle in their own interests.
(Such as a labor union struggling together for better pay)
-Groups struggles in their own interests.

Front 35

Illustration of Weberian proposition using Protestant Ethics

Back 35

-The State pursues a monopoly over the legitimate use of violence.
-Bureaucracy divides people.
-“Iron cage”= Bureaucracy limits individual freedom and potential