Sociology 1St Sem. Final

Front 1

An approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society.

Back 1

Conflict perspective

Front 2

anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it.

Back 2

symbol

Front 3

the degree to which a society is unified.

Back 3

social solidarity

Front 4

an action that produces an intended and recognized result.

Back 4

manifest function

Front 5

an action that produces an unintended and unrecognized result.

Back 5

latent function

Front 6

when each person contributes in society.

Back 6

functionalism

Front 7

the patterned interaction of people in social relationships.

Back 7

social structure

Front 8

class owning the means for producing wealth.

Back 8

Bourgeoisie

Front 9

class that labors without owning the means of production; those who labor for the bourgeoisie

Back 9

proletariat

Front 10

approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances

Back 10

dramaturgy

Front 11

a measure of the relationship between two variables

Back 11

correlation

Front 12

both independent and dependent variables change in the same direction

Back 12

positive correlation

Front 13

variables change in the opposite direction

Back 13

negative correlation

Front 14

testable statement of relationships among variables

Back 14

hypothesis

Front 15

a characteristic that is subject to change

Back 15

variable

Front 16

research method in which a large number of people respond to questions

Back 16

survey

Front 17

a characteristic that is defined by its presence or absence in a category

Back 17

qualitative

Front 18

a characteristic that can be measured numerically

Back 18

quantitative

Front 19

the belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another

Back 19

causation

Front 20

questions a person is to answer in his or her own words

Back 20

open-ended questions

Front 21

questions a person must answer bychoosing from a limited, predetermined set of responses.

Back 21

closed-ended questions

Front 22

judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards.

Back 22

ethnocentrism

Front 23

a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture.

Back 23

counterculture

Front 24

automatic reaction to physical stimulus

Back 24

reflex

Front 25

learning to participate in group life

Back 25

socialization

Front 26

a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials

Back 26

laws

Front 27

a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects

Back 27

subculture

Front 28

the concrete, tangible objects of a culture

Back 28

material

Front 29

ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior

Back 29

nonmaterial

Front 30

rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior

Back 30

norms

Front 31

norms that lack moral significance

Back 31

folkways

Front 32

norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of the society

Back 32

mores

Front 33

general cultural traits that exist in all cultures

Back 33

cultural universals

Front 34

a ruld of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment

Back 34

taboo

Front 35

the study of the biological basis of human behavior

Back 35

sociobiology

Front 36

those people whose reactions are most important to your self-concept

Back 36

significant others

Front 37

set of individuals of roughly the same age and intersts

Back 37

peer group

Front 38

places in which people are separated from the rest of society and controlled by officials in charge

Back 38

total institutions

Front 39

group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms

Back 39

reference group

Front 40

a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned

Back 40

ascribed status

Front 41

a position that is earned or chosen

Back 41

achieved status

Front 42

the process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

Back 42

resocialization

Front 43

expected behavior associated with a particular status

Back 43

role

Front 44

condition in which the performance of a role in one status interferes with the performance of a role in another status

Back 44

role conflict

Front 45

a society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food

Back 45

agriculture

Front 46

a society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information

Back 46

postindustrial

Front 47

a society that depends on science and technology to product its baskc goods and services

Back 47

industrial

Front 48

the process of replacing animal and human power with machine power

Back 48

mechanization

Front 49

people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company

Back 49

primary group

Front 50

people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task

Back 50

secondary group

Front 51

when thinking in a group is self-deceptive, based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure to conform

Back 51

groupthink

Front 52

exclusive group demanding intense loyalty

Back 52

in-group

Front 53

group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition

Back 53

out-group

Front 54

people temporarily in the same place at the same time.

Back 54

social aggregate

Front 55

a web of social relationships that joins a person to other people and groups

Back 55

social network

Front 56

behavior that matches group expectations

Back 56

relativity

Front 57

theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant

Back 57

labeling theory

Front 58

anything that goes against the norms

Back 58

deviance

Front 59

deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept

Back 59

primary deviance

Front 60

deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms

Back 60

secondary deviance

Front 61

a repetition of or return to criminal behavior

Back 61

recidivism

Front 62

an undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual

Back 62

stigma

Front 63

acts committed in violation of the law

Back 63

crime

Front 64

process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization

Back 64

rehabilitation

Front 65

ways to encourage conformity to society's norms

Back 65

social control

Front 66

process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status

Back 66

victim discounting

Front 67

job-related crimes committed by high-status peopls

Back 67

white-collar crime

Front 68

discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment

Back 68

deterrence

Front 69

a stratification structure that does not allow for social mobility

Back 69

caste system

Front 70

the ablilty to control the behavior of others

Back 70

power

Front 71

recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions

Back 71

prestige

Front 72

layers of society

Back 72

social stratification

Front 73

can move up or down in social classes

Back 73

social mobility

Front 74

over half of households are held by women

Back 74

poverty

Front 75

most people in America consider themselves this

Back 75

middle class