Sociology

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sociology

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-scientific study of social activity.
-why people do what they do.
-if humans do it, sociologists study it.

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sociological theories

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structural function, social conflict, symbolic interacting.

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structural functional

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every society is built out of structures.

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structures

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-have some kind of predictability.
-each benefits society in some way.
-stability is key.

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social conflict

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-inequality is the root cause of conflict between people.
-those w/ more fight to keep.
-w/ less, fight to get more.
-power = more likely to take position.

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symbolic interaction

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-micro level small interaction.
-now people talk to each other.
-reality: we create and shape.
-shape when there's no rules.

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social research methods

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survey, experiments, participant observation/field work, content analysis.

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surveys

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most common research.

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participant observation (fieldwork)

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-researcher becomes part of activity.
-sense of what its like to be part of a group.
-loses objectivity.

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chagnon man called "b"

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-they thought he was irritating
-name based on skill
-problems solved in public.

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symbolic interaction

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-micro level small interaction.
-now people talk to each other.
-reality: we create and shape.
-shape when there's no rules.

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social research methods

Back 12

survey, experiments, participant observation/field work, content analysis.

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surveys

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most common research.

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participant observation (fieldwork)

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-researcher becomes part of activity.
-sense of what its like to be part of a group.
-loses objectivity.

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chagnon man called "b"

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-they thought he was irritating
-name based on skill
-problems solved in public.

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experiments

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-done in social activity.
-isolate independent variable to measure effects on dependent variable.

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experimental group

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exposed to independent variable.

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control group

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not exposed

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hawthorne effect

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-people change answers.
-presence of researcher effects outcome.

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content analysis

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look at already existing data. i.e. historical record.

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operationalization

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process of defining a concept to make it measurable.

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independent variable

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what you change

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dependent variable

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what you measure

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universal characteristics of social stratification

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found in every society.
-closed system
-open
-ideology
-class based
-persists over generations
-social mobility

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ideology

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helps make sense of it/accept it.

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weber

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german sociologist.
2 marx classed capitalism.
class = income
status = occupation.
power = over others in workplace.
ses (social economic status) = occupation, education, income.

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correlation

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relationship between variables.

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spurious correlation

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looks like a correlation between variables, but its false.

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culture

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values, beliefs, behavior, technology that defines a groups way of life.

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material culture

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using technology for improvement.

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ideational culture

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non-material.

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symbols

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anything that carries meaning

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language

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allows people to communicate

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cultural transmissions

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spreading culture from one generation to another.

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sapir-warf hypothesis

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people understand the world through the language they speak

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values

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cultural standards about good/bad.

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norms

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-expected behaviors.
-guide benefit on how to act in different situations.

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mores

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rules people feel strongly about.

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folkways

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considered polite behavior

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prejudice

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-learned from friends, family, media, etc. (socialization)
-putting blame on someone else (scapegoating)
-submissive to authority figures (authoritarian)

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subculture

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small groups. distinct culture participation.

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ethnocentrism

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judging others by the standards of your own culture.

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cultural relativism

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judging another culture by its own standard.

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socialization

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-lifelong process which we learn patterns of our culture.
-what we do/learn from others.. lifelong/ongoing.

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agents of socialization

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-person or group who function to socialize others.
-teach norms.
ex. family, school, military.

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status

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-recognized social position.
-who we are in relation to others.

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ascribed status

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-you are born with.
-you acquire during normal life process.
ex. race, sex, age.

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achieved status

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-you earn
-effort to earn it
ex. college, job, friend, bf/gf

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rule strain

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person can't fulfill all expectations of 1 status because there's too many.

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role conflict

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2 or more status' that have conflicting expectations.

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thomas theorem

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-doesn't matter if its true. if it's believe to be then it is.
-situations defined as "real" have real consequences.

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goffman: dramaturgical analysis

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comparison of social interaction to a theatrical performance.

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presentation of self

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goal to manipulation of audience.

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front vs. back regions

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front = where performance is put on.
back = area where audience doesn't see.

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social stratification

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-study of inequality.
-societies are organized
-organized in hierarchy.
-found in every society.

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davis moore

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-structural function theory.
-why jobs are stratified.

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marx: proletariat

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workers

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marx: bourgeoise

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capitalists own means of production increase in profitability.

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federal poverty level

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income that is below a set amount = poor.

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absolute poverty

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absence of resources necessary for survival.
ex. no clean h2o, no meds.

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relative poverty

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some people considered poor in relation to others in that society.

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explanations of poverty

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characteristics of poor people look at others/decisions of other poor.

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individual

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-characteristics have distinct subculture.
-they perpetuate poverty because of the way they live, act, etc.

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race

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set of biologically transmitted characteristics that have social significance society created.

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minority

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members of a group share physical and cultural characteristics.
ex. discrimination.

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socialization

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-racist/prejudice ideas come from family, friends, media.
-media = influential especially for people who don't have interactions with other groups.

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scapegoating

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-putting blame on someone else.
-get people to let out anger on someone else.

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cultural theory

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-when you grow up in that particular society, that society has enemies.
-kids learn good/bad based on culture.

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authoritarian personality

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-authoritarians are submissive to authority leaders; see issues as right or wrong, no gray areas.

adorno = holocaust survivor who found some personality types that are apt to be prejudice.

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xenophobia

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- fear of strangers/foreigners
-threatened by people different than them
-root = way raised; emphasis on obedience/no love.

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role

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set of expectations linked to a status.
-i.e. mom - provider, has kids, responsible, nurturing.

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status set

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-collection of all the status a person holds at the same time.