Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Stratification
|
A ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society.
|
|
|
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
|
prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society to another.
|
|
|
Social Mobility
|
A movement of people are groups from one class to another.
|
|
|
Four Stratification Systems
|
Slavery, Caste, Estate, and Social.
|
|
|
What do the Four Stratification Systems do?
|
Slavery: economic forms of inequality in which some people are legally the property of others
Caste System: stratification system based on heredity. with little movement alloed across strata. Estate System (feudal system): stratification system in which high-status groups own land and have power based on birth. Social class: group of people who share a similar economic position in society, based on their wealth and income |
|
|
Stratification systems are designed to benefit _______ at expense of ________.
|
The "haves" and "have nots".
|
|
|
Marx’s Class Model
|
A two-class system focuses on means of production and ability to control labor of others.
|
|
|
Means of Production
|
land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth that form the economic basis of class societies.
|
|
|
Capitalist (bourgeoisie)
|
someone who owns the means of production and is able to purchase the labor power of others.
|
|
|
Worker (proletariat)
|
: individual who neither owns means of production nor has the ability to purchase the labor power of others and who must instead sell his or her own labor to survive.
|
|
|
Invisible Hand
|
If each person follows individual self interest, others will benefit.
|
|
|
Corporations can increase their profit or value through..?
|
1.Speculation
2. Fraud 3. Corporate Welfare |
|
|
Speculation
|
Corporations can manipulate stock prices (and executive salary/stock options) through mergers, internal reorganizations, lay-offs, etc. that damage longs-term profitability.
|
|
|
Invisible Hand
|
If each person follows individual self interest, others will benefit.
|
|
|
Corporate Welfare
|
Economist use the term “rent-seeking” to describe manipulating economic environment, e.g., through government action, to produce value for the company, such as through tariffs tax breaks, exclusive licensing, creating barriers to entry.
|
|
|
Absolute Poverty
|
Inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining healthy existence
|
|
|
Corporations can increase their profit or value through..?
|
1.Speculation
2. Fraud 3. Corporate Welfare |
|
|
Speculation
|
Corporations can manipulate stock prices (and executive salary/stock options) through mergers, internal reorganizations, lay-offs, etc. that damage longs-term profitability.
|
|
|
Corporate Welfare
|
Economist use the term “rent-seeking” to describe manipulating economic environment, e.g., through government action, to produce value for the company, such as through tariffs tax breaks, exclusive licensing, creating barriers to entry.
|
|
|
Absolute Poverty
|
Inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining healthy existence
|
|
|
Poverty Rate
|
percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line
|
|
|
Near Poor
|
Individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of the poverty line.
|
|
|
Communal Riot (race riot)
|
people targeted because of ethnic group, language, or religion
|
|
|
Commodity Riot
|
property is destroyed regardless of ownership.
|
|
|
Protest Riot
|
violence to protest policy or actions by authorities or others.
|
|
|
Police Riot
|
police beat people instead of arresting them.
|
|
|
Celebratory Riot
|
violence to celebrate sports victory or other occasion.
|
|
|
Intended Violence
|
violence that results from people pursuing inherently violent goals
|
|
|
Outcome Violence
|
Violence that results from people with non-violent goals, but who face resistance to these goals.
|
|
|
Race
|
Category of people labeled and treated as similar because of some common biological traits, such as skin color, texture of hair, and shape of eyes.
|
|
|
For many societies, the most important distinction is between ______ and ______.
|
"us" and "them"
|
|
|
The _________- one drop of black blood (i.e., any percentage of ancestry) makes someone black - was intended to preserve white purity.
|
"One-drop rule"
|
|
|
Miscegenation
|
racist term for marriage or sexual relations between a man & a women of different races.
|
|
|
Racism
|
belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.
|
|
|
Personal Racism
|
individual’s expression of racist attitudes or behaviors
Can be either prejudice (attitudes) or discrimination (unfair treatment). |
|
|
Institutional Racism
|
laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial and ethnic inequalities in a society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these laws, customs, and practices have racist intentions.
|
|
|
Why do whites make more than blacks?
|
Household composition
Education gap Work in different occupations Black offered lower paying jobs within same occupations Wealth |
|
|
Why do men make more than women?
|
1. Different work patterns
2. Occupational segregation 3. Occupation-wide pay discriminations 4. Promotion Gap |
|
|
Second Shift
|
shift of housework that married women perform in addition to shift of work outside of home.
|
|
|
Demography
|
the study of human population.
|
|
|
Demographer
|
sociologist who studies trends in population characteristics.
|
|
|
Three major components of demography
|
Fertility: the incidence of childbearing in a country’s population
Mortality: the incidence of death in a country’s population Migration: the movement of people into and out of a specified territory |
|
|
Birth Cohorts
|
set of people who were born during the same era an who face similar societal circumstances brought about by their shared position in the overall age structure of the population.
|
|
|
Cohort Effect
|
phenomenon in which members of a birth cohort tend to experience a particular life event or rite of passage - puberty, marriage, childbearing, graduation, entry into the workforce, death - at roughly the same time.
|
|
|
Period Effect
|
phenomenon in which a historical event or major social trend contributes to the unique shape and outlook of a birth cohort.
|
|
|
Demographic Transition
|
stage of societal development in unindustrialized countries marked by growing life expectancy and high birthrates; concepts used to explain why populations in less-developed countries grow faster than those in more developed countries.
|
|
|
Three Stages of Demographic Transition
|
Stage 1 (preindustrial): slow growth because of very high birth and death rates
Stage 2 (early industrial): rapid growth because death rate drops, but birth rate remains high Stage 3 (late industrial): slow growth because birth rate drops to approach death rate |
