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38 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Social Integration
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refers to the extent to which one participates in the social community
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measures of social integration in this literature are based on individual self-reports of the numbers and types of social relationships, the extent of participation in social activities, or the perception of being an integrated member of the community
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Role Strain
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describes the difficulty involved in adequately performing multiple roles simultaneously
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Goode (1960) coined the term "role strain" to describe the difficulty involved in adequately performing multiple roles simultaneously. Role strain consists of two components, role conflict and role overload. Role conflict occurs when the expectations associated with different roles are discrepant. Role overload occurs when honoring expectations associated with some roles is at the expense of honoring expectations associated with others. As one accumulates more roles, the probability of experiencing role conflict and role overload increases.
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Social Regulation
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meant the ways in which social groups / societies attempt to control their member's behavior.
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. This involves things like legal norms (laws), customs, traditions and the like, as well as the less-formal range of norms of behavior that people routinely develop as a means of controlling both their own and others' behavior
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a subculture whose values place its members in opposition to the values of the broader culture
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counterculture
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the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
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cultural diffusion
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William Ogburn's term for a situation in which nonmaterial culture lags behind changes in the material culture
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cultural lag
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the process by which cultures become similar to one another, especially by which Western industrial culture is imported and diffused into the Least Industrialized Nations
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cultural leveling
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understanding a people from the framework of their own culture
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cultural relativism
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the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
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culture
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when people from different cultures come in contact with one another
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culture contact
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the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
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culture shock
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the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals and societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors
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ethnocentrism
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norms that are not strictly enforced
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folkways
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the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
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gestures
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the ideal values and norms of a people, the goals held out for them
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ideal culture
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a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways to communicate abstract thought
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language
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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
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material culture
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norms strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values
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mores
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an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm; ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prison sentence, banishment, or death
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negative sanction
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a technology introduced into a society that has a significant impact on that society
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new technologies
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(also called symbolic culture): a group's ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns or behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)
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nonmaterial culture
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the expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of values
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norms
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a society made up of many different groups
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pluralistic society
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a society made up of many different groups
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pluralistic society
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a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize
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positive sanction
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the norms and values that people actually follow
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real culture
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an expression of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms
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sanction
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Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language itself creates a particular way of thinking and perceiving
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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the view (opposed to technological determinism) that culture (people's values and special interests) shape the development and use of technology
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social construction of technology
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the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
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subculture
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something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with others
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symbol
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another term for nonmaterial culture
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symbolic culture
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a norm so strong that it brings revulsion if it is violated
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taboo
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the view that technology is the driving force behind culture; in its extreme form, technology is seen as taking on a life of its own, forcing human behavior to follow
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technological determinism
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in its narrow sense, tools; in its broader sense, the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
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technology
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a series of interrelated values that together form a larger whole
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value cluster
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values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other
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value contradiction
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the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
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values
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