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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Culture
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complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society (includes: beliefs, value, knowledge, art, morals, laws, customs, habits, language, dress, ect.) A way of thinking as well as a pattern of behavior
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Material Culture
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can be a manifestation of nonmaterial culture; it is cultural objects created in a given society
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Non-material Culture
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can be shaped by material culture; norms, laws, customs, ideas, and beliefsof a group (social behavior)
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Characteristics of Culture
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*shared *learned *taken for granted *symbolic *varies across time and place
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Symbols
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things or behaviors to which people give meaning: the meaning is not inherent in a symbol but is bestowed by the menaing people give it
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Culture is
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concrete and abstract, links the past and present, and gives shape to the human experience
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Elements of Culture- Language
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set of symbols and rules that put together in a meaningful way provides a complex communication system (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis- language forces perception into certain terms therefore it determines what people think)
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Elements of Culture- Norms
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specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation (2 types of norms- folkways and mores)
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Elements of Culture- Folkway
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General Standard of behavior adhered to by a group (regional; way one dresses)
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Elements of Culture- Mores
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strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior (upheld by law, social sanctions, and taboos) most important ex. non aggression: expecting not to get punched
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Elements of Culture- Values
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abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles
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Elements of Culture- Beliefs
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shard ideas held collectively by people within a given society
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Sanctions
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based on reward or punishment
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Ethnocentrism
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habit of only seeing things from the view point of one's own particular group
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Language affects...
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people's perception of reality ex. using he/his = male imagery
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Language reflects...
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the social and political stauts of different groups in society ex. working woman v. working man
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Group may advocate...
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changing language referring to them as a way of asserting positive group identity ex. handicapped, retarded
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The implications of language...
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emerge from specific historical and cultural contexts ex. caucation, African American
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Language can distort...
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actual group experience ex. Hispanic v. Latino or Native American v. American Indian
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Languages shapes...
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people perceptions of groups and events in society ex. Hurricane looters v. food finders
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Terms used...
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to define differnet groups change over time and can originate in movements to assert a positive identity ex. Black Power v. Negro
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Cultural Relativism
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idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears
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Biology and Human Culture
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biological limits exist but cultural factors have an enormous influence on the development of human life
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Subcultures
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cultures differnt some what from the values of the dominent group
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Counterculture
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subcultures created as reaction to the dominent culture
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Global Culture
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the diffusion of a single culture throughtout the world
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Popular Culture
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beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday tradition
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Mass Media
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channels of communicating avaible to wide segments of the population
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Theoretical Perspective- reflection hypothesis
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mass media reflect the values of the general population
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Functionalism Culture...
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-intergrates people into groups; -provides coherence and stabiltiy in society; -creates norms and values that intergrate people in society
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Conflict Theory Culture
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-serves the interest of powerful groups; -can be a source of political resistance; -is increasing connected by economic monopolies
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Symbolic Interaction Culture
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-creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning; -changes as people produce new cultural meaning; -is socially constructed through the activieties of social groups
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New Cultural Studies
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-is ephemeral, unpredictable, and constantly changing; -is a mterial manifestation of a consumer oriented society; -is best understood by analyzing its artifacts(books, magazines, films, television images)
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Cultural Hegemony
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pervassive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society
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Cultural Capital
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cultural resources that are deemed worthy and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital
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Post Modernism
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idea that society is not an objective thing; rather it is found in the words and images that people use to represent behavior and ideas
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Cultural Lag
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cultures adjust slowly to changing cultural conditions
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Culture Shock
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disorientation when encountering new or changing cultural situation
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Sources of Cultural Change
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Changed conditions in society; cultural diffusion; innovation, inventions, and technological developments; imposed by powerful group from within
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
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language determines other aspects of culture b/c language provides the categories through which social reality is defined ex. time is moving in one direction at uniform pace
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Social Indicators
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quantitative measures or indices of social phenomena
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US is _______ in child poverty.
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17th
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Cultural Inconsistency
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actual behavior contradicts cultural goals
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Socialization
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process through which people learn the expectations of society (basis for identity) establishes personality
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Roles
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expected behavior associated with a given status
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Personality
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person's relatively consistent pattern of behavior , feelings, predispositions, and beleifs
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Internalization
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behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no long question them
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Nature v. Nurture
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socially constructed organization of society and the life outcomes of people w/in it are the result of social definitions and processes (nature-what is natural; nurture-what is social)
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Social Control
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process by which groups and individuals w/in those groups are brought into conformity w/ dominent social expectations
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Conformity and Individuality
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gender roles to an extreme can compromise physical and mental health ex. men are risk takers & women w/ anorexia
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Consequences of Socialization- Establishes Self Concepts...
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how we think of ourselves based on socialization experience
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Consequences of Socialization- Creates role taking...
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see yourself threw another's perspective
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Consequences of Socialization- Acceptablity...
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tendencey for people to act in socially acceptable ways
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Consequences of Socialization- People bearers...
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Socialization makes people bearers of Culture
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Agents of Socailization-
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Family, Media, Peers, Religion, Sports, Schools
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Clique
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membership circle with common identity
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Peers
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interact with equal terms
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Self-fulling prophecies
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expectations created often become the behavioral pattern
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Hidden Cirriculum
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innformal often subtle messages about social roles that are conveyed through classroom interaction and classroom materials (roles that are clearly linked to gender, race, and class)
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Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud 1856-1939)"The unconscious mind shapes human behavior" 3 Parts:
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id-deep drive and impulse (nature) I need, i want...
Superego-represents standards of society (structure) We should't do that... ego-reason and common sense (personality) We compromise... |
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Psychoanalytic Theory "Freudian Slip"
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reveals an underlying state if mind
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Psychoanalytic Theory (Superego) Repression, Avoidance, and Denial
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Repression- refuse t admit the impulse
Avoidance- avoid th eopportunity Denial- actually indulge then say it wasn't wrong |
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Ind. Learning Process: unconscious mind shapes behavior
Formation of Self: self ego emerges from tensions b/t the id and superego Influence of Society: Societal expecations are represented by the superego |
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Social Learning Theory
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Ind. Learing Process: people respond to social stimuli in their environment
Formation of Self: idnetity is created through the interaction of mental and social worlds Influence of Society: young children learn the principles that shape the external world |
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Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
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big infasis on imagination in socialization with children
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Schmea
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basic rules of reasoning
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Sensorimotor
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5 senses experience
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Preoperational
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languages and symbols
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Concrete Operational
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logical principles regarding concrete world
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Formal Operational
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think abstractly and imagine alternatives to reality
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Lawrence Kohlberg (1969) Theory of Moral Development
3 Levels of Moral Development |
Preconventional- obediance and punishment
Conventional- cultural norms Postconventional- maturity and ethical ex. Women think about who is affected by a decision |
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Functionalism
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Ind. Learning Process: people internalize the role expectations that are present in society
Formation of Self: interanlizing the values of society reinforces social consensus Influence of Society: societ yrelies in conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium |
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Conflict Theory
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Ind. Learning Process: ind. and group aspirations that are shaped by the opportunities available to differnt groups
Formation of Self: Group consciuoness is formed in the context of a systme of inequality Influence of Society: social control agents exert pressure to conform |
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Symbolic Interaction Theory
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Ind. Learning Process: children learn by taking the role of significant others
Formation of self: identity emerges as the creative self interacts w/ the social expectations of others Influence of Soceity: expectations of others from the social context for learning social roles |
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Self
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What we imagine we are
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Personality
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person's identity
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Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)
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looking glass self - how we see ouself is based on relationships with others
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George Herbert Mead (1963-1931)
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taking the role of the other- makes self aware by seeing what others see
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Imitation stage
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copy the behavior of others
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Play stage
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take on the role of significant other with which you have a close affiliation
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Game stage
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take on multiple roles
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Generalized other
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abstract composite of social roles and social expectations
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Rite of Passage
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ceremony or ritual that marks a transition from one role to another
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Resocialization
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existing social roles are radically altered or replaced
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Brainwashing Debate
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free will taken away during conversion
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Conversion
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from one extreme to the othe r
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Stockholm Syndrome
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under severer captivity and deprivation a captured person may come to identify with the captor (dependent on the captor)
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Davis-Moore Thesis
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social inequality is beneficial to the overall functioning of society
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Society
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system of social interactions that includes both culture and social organization
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Socail interaction
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behavior b/t two or more people that is given meaning by them
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Sui Generis
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a thing in itself or its own particular time
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Macroanalysis
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takes the broadest view of society by studying large patterns of social interaction that are vast, complex,and highly differntial
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Microanalysis
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studies patterns of social interaction that are small. most likely less complex, and less differential
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Social Organization
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order established in social groups at any level
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Social Institution
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established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose
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5 Things Necessary for Society to Exist
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1 Socialization of new members.
2 The production and distribution of goods and services. 3 The replacement of society's members. 4 The maintenance of stability and existance. 5 Providing the members with an ultimate sense of purpose. |
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Social Structure
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organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society
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Marilyn frye (birdcage)
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birdcage is a network of wires, society is a network of social structures , both micro and macro
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Collective Conciouness
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body of beliefs common to a community or society that give people a sense of belonging and feeling of moral obilgation to its demands and values
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Mechanical Solidarity
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individuals play similar roles with in society
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Organic Solidary
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people play a great variety of roles and unity is absed on role differentiation, not similarity
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Division of Labor
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relatedness of different tasks that develop in complex societies
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Gemeinschaft
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community "we" feeling (personal ties, strong family relationships, and a sense of personal loyalty, small, relatively simple social institutions, as well as a collective sense of loyalty to the whole society) like mechanical solidary
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Gesellschaft
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society (importances on people'e secondary relationships "work roles" lessened sense of personal loyalty to the total society ) like organic solidary
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Pre-industrial Societies- Foraging
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economic base- economic sustenance dependent on hunting and foraging
social organization- gender is important basis for social organization, although division of labor is not rigid; little accumulation of wealth ex. Pygmies of Central Africa |
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Pre-industrial Societies- Pastoral Societies
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economic base- nomadic, w/ substantial dependence on domesticated animals for economic production
social organization- complex social system w/ an elite upper class and greater gender role differentiation than foraging ex. Bedouin of Africa and Middle East |
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Pre-industrial Societies- Horticultural Societies
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economic base- society marked by almost permanent settlement and production of domesticated crops
social organization- accumulation of wealth and elaboration of division of labor, w/ different occupational forms ex. Aztecs of Mexico and Inca Empire of Peru |
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Pre-industrial Societies- Agricultural Societies
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economic base- livelihood dependent on elaborate and large scale patterns of agriculture and more use of technology in production
social organization- caste system develops that differentiates the elite and the laborers; may include slavery ex. American South Pre Civil War |
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Industrial Societies
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economic base- cash and wages; the development of machinery and a factory system
social organizations-highly differential labor force w/ a complex division of labor and large formal organizations ex. 19th and 20th century US and Western Europe |
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Post Industrial Societies
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economic base- info based societies in which technology plays a vital role in social organization
social organization- education is highly important to the division of labor ex. Contemporary US, Japan |
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Groups (microlevel of society)
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collection of ind. who: interact and communicate w/ each other; share goals and norms; have a subjective awareness of themselves as "we" that is as a distinct social unit
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formal organization
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highly structured social grouping that pursue a set of goals
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status
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established position in a social structure that carries w/ it a degree of prestige
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status set
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complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time
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status inconsistency
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too many hats causes conflict among the statuses
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achieved status
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attained by virtue of individuals effort
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ascribed status
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status from birth
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master status
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overrides all other statuses
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roles
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behaviors expected from a person based on a particular status
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role modeling
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imitate the behavior of someone we admire
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role set
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all the roles occupied at a given time
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role conflict
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roles have contradictory expectations
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role strain
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a single role has conflicting expectations
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proxemic communication
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amount of space between interacting individuals
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ethnomethodology
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human interaction takes place within a consensus and interaction is not possible otherwise
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Social Interaction Theory- Social Construction of Reality
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interprets: organized around the subject meaning that people give to social behavior
analyzes: based on the meaning people give to actions in society |
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Social Interaction Theory- Ethnomethodology
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consensus that people share around social norms; you can discover these norms by violating them
a series of encounters in which people manage their impressions in front of others |
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Social Interaction Theory- Dramaturgy
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stage on which actors play their social roles and give impression to those in their "audience" (impression management control how others perceive us)
enactment of social roles played before a social audience |
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Social Interaction Theory- Social Exchange Theory
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series of interactions that are based in estimates of rewards and punishments
rational balancing act involving perceived costs and benefits of a given behavior |
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Social Interaction Theory- Game Theory
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system in which people strategize "winning" and "losing" in their interactions with each other
calculated risks to balance rewards and punishments |
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cyber interaction
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virtual interaction
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deviance
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behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms
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formal deviance
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laws or official rules
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informal deviance
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behavior that violates customary norms
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medicalization of deviance
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"sick" state of mind; "cure" deviant behavior
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deviance originates...
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in society not just in individuals
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Functionalist Emile Durkheim
Study of Suicide |
anomie- social conditions make individual fell lost or alone (teens)
altruistic- excessive regulation of individual (suicide bomber) egoistic- totally detached from society (elderly) |
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Functionalism
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deviance creates social cohesion
results from structural strain on society occurs when people attachment to social bonds is diminished |
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Merton: Structural Strain Theory
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caused by gap in cultural goals and means people have to achieve goals
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Conformity
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means available and cultural goals accepted
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Innovative deviance
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means are not available but cultural goals are accepted
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Ritualistic deviance
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means available but cultural goals are not accepted
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Retreatism deviance
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neither means nor goals are available
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Rebellion
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old--no means and no goals acceptable
new--means and goals available |
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Functionalism: Social Control Theory
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Person's attachment to social bond is weakened
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Conflict Theory
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dominant classes control the definition of and sanctions attached to deviance
deviance results from social inequality in society elite deviance and corporate deviance largely unrecognized and unpunished |
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elite deviance
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wrongdoing of wealthy and powerful
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social control
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groups and individuals with in those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations
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social control agents
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police; social workers
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Symbolic Interaction Theory
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learned behavior, reinforced by group membership
results from social labeling, regardless of actual commission of deviance people with power to assign deviant labels for themselves produce deviance |
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Symbolic Interaction Theory
WI Thomas |
deviance is a normal response o social conditions
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situational analysis
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social choices
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Symbolic Interaction Theory- Differential Association Theory
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learned behavior
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Symbolic Interaction Theory- Labeling Theory
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labeled then submit to label and become deviant
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Primary deviance
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actual violation
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Secondary deviance
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behavior that resulted from label
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tertiary deviance
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deviant fully accepts role but rejects stigma
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deviant identity
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accepts identity of deviance
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deviant career
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gateway job
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deviant community
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weight watchers
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mental illness
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women are more likely than men
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social stigmas
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attribute that is socially devalued and discredited
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criminology
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studying crime from a scientist perspective
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crime is a form of...
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deviance
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Functionalist Theory of Crime
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societies require a certain level of crime in order to clarify norm
crimes result from social structures strain with in society crime may be functional to society, thus difficult to eradicate |
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Symbolic Theory of Crime
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crime is behavior that is learned through social interaction
labeling criminals tends to reinforce rather than deter crime institutions with power to label (prisons) actually produce rather that lessen crime |
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Conflict Theory of Crime
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lower the social class the more the ind. is "forced" into criminality
inequalities in society by race, class, gender, and other forces tend to produce criminal activity reducing social inequalities in society will reduce crime |
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index crime
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violent crime
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personal crime
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violent or nonviolent crimes committed against another person
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hate crimes
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assault and other malicious acts motivated by social bias
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property crimes
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theft of property without threat of bodily harm (most frequent)
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victimless crime
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violate laws but not listed in FBI's serious crime index
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organized crime
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crime committed by structured groups typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services
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racial profiling
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race makes you think they committed a crime
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bioterrorism
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dispersion of chemical or biological substances intended for widespread disease and death
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cyberterrorism
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using computer to commit one or more terrorist acts
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FBI's Uniform Crime Reports
Type I Crimes |
Crimes against Person:
murder, forcible rape, robbery, assault Crimes against Property: burglary, larceny, theft, auto theft |
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FBI's UCR
Type II Crimes |
Non-violent
prostitution, drug use, vandalism, gambling |
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Criminal Justice System
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police system(professionalism)
court system(over crowding and plea bargains) |
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Prison System
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Functions
incapacittaion, punishment, deterrence, resocialization |
