Sociology Exam 2

Front 1

culture

Back 1

a group’s language, beliefs, values, behaviors, gestures. and objects that pass from one generation to the next

Front 2

True

Back 2

T/F: Personal space is not a cultural universal.

Front 3

society

Back 3

a group of people who share a culture and territory

Front 4

social structure

Back 4

an organized pattern of behavior that governs people’s relationships, makes life orderly and predictable

Front 5

norms

Back 5

make social life possible and predictable

Front 6

1. Statuses
2. Roles
3. Groups
4. Organizations
5. Institutions

Back 6

Social Structure Includes

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status

Back 7

a social position you occupy (person can hold multiple statuses at once), seen as the thing that people define a person as

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ascribed status

Back 8

position you are born into (Ex: gender, race)

Front 9

achieved status

Back 9

a positive you have through choice, talent, and/or effort (Ex: employee, student)

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master status

Back 10

a status that dominates all other (Ex: disability)

Front 11

status set

Back 11

all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

Front 12

role conflict

Back 12

frustration and uncertainties with the requirements of two or more statuses

Front 13

role strain

Back 13

involves in compatible demands among roles within a single status

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groups

Back 14

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with on another on a regular basis (Ex: members of a sports team)

Front 15

social institutions

Back 15

organizations or large groups with organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs (Ex: family, education, military, government), helps society meet goals

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1. Replace personnel

2. Teach recruits

3. Produce and distribute goods/services

4. Preserving order

5. Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

Back 16

5 Functions of Social Institutions (Functionalist)

Front 17

Conflict Perspective of Social Institutions

Back 17

social institutions help those who already have power to keep and maintain it

Front 18

Symbolist Interactionist Perspective of Social Institutions

Back 18

focus on the meanings and behaviors that are affected by, and in turn, affect social institutions

Front 19

social structure

Back 19

built and maintained through social interaction

Front 20

Durkheim

Back 20

came up with mechanic and organic solidarity

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Tonnies

Back 21

came up with Gemeinschaft (rural) and Gesellschaft (city)

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mechanic solidarity

Back 22

people are spread apart, but everyone knows each other (rural)

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organic solidarity

Back 23

people are close together, but fewer people know each other (city)

Front 24

Lenski

Back 24

came up with socio-evolution, also believed that there is social inequality and social stratification

Front 25

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Social Interaction

Back 25

examines how people should communicate knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes and how they interpret situations; communication is key, many forms verbal and nonverbal (gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, personal space)

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social construct of reality

Back 26

occurs as people perceive and understand through social interaction

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dramaturgical approach

Back 27

analysis examines social interaction as if it were a play on stage

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ethnomethodology

Back 28

study of interaction by analyzing conversations and violating rules

Front 29

impression management

Back 29

face-saving behavior, trying to maintain your image

Front 30

social groups

Back 30

consists of two or more people who have the same norms, values, and expectations

Front 31

Simmel

Back 31

studied group size in 1950

Front 32

True

Back 32

T/F: As size of a group increases, stability increases, but intensity of relationships go down.

Front 33

primary group

Back 33

a relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over extended period of time

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secondary group

Back 34

usually large, formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people that pursues a specific goal or activity

Front 35

in-group

Back 35

members share a sense of identity that excludes outsiders

Front 36

out-group

Back 36

people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, or other characteristics different form one’s own

Front 37

reference groups

Back 37

group that shapes our behavior, values, and attitudes (We don’t necessarily have to be a part of that reference group.)

Front 38

1. Normative (creates norms)

2. Self-evaluation

Back 38

Functions of Reference Groups

Front 39

social network

Back 39

a web of social ties that links an individual to others (friend of a friend type situation); men and women are better at certain types

Front 40

formal organizations

Back 40

complex and structured secondary groups deliberately created to achieve specific goals

Front 41

1. Coercive organizations

2. Utilitarian organizations

3. Voluntary organizations

*A mixture of all three is most successful.

Back 41

Formal Organizations Include

Front 42

Functionalist Perspective of Formal Organizations

Back 42

formal organizations and groups that are composed of interrelated, mutually dependent parts; bureaucratic regulation allow goal achievement, presumably benefitting all employees; but organizations can be dysfunctional

Front 43

Conflict Perspective of Formal Organizations

Back 43

contend that organizations are based on differences in power and control; place in an organization is often based on race, ethnicity, gender, or social class; owners and managers exploit workers

Front 44

Feminist Perspective of Formal Organizations

Back 44

emphasize the different positions of men and women in organization, women often hit the glass ceiling

Front 45

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective of Formal Organization

Back 45

emphasizes that how people define a situation shapes groups dynamics and organizations; W.I. Thomas Theorum: “If we define situations as real, there are real consequences.”

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bureacracy

Back 46

formal organization that is designed to accomplish tasks by large numbers of people in the most efficient way possible

Front 47

1. High degree of division of labor and specialization - trained incapacity
2. Hierarchy of authority - top down administration of leadership
3. Explicit written rules and regulations
4. Impersonality
5. Qualification-based employment

Back 47

5 Characteristics of Bureaucracies

Front 48

We all rise to the level of our own incompetence, meaning we are promoted until we reach a level where we can not improve or do good work

Back 48

Peter Principle

Front 49

bureaucratization

Back 49

the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic

Front 50

Conflict Perspective of Bureaucracy

Back 50

few rule the many, those who have power and rise to leadership positions and do everything they can to maintain their power, alienation

Front 51

alienation

Back 51

workers lack of connection to the product of their labor, caused by being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness (Marx)

Front 52

Iron Law of Oligarchy

Back 52

few rule the many

Front 53

Functionalist Perspective of Bureaucracy

Back 53

Basic Scientific Management

workers could be treated like machines, only constraint was physical limits; supervision gets max performance out of workers

Front 54

Frederick Taylor

Back 54

came up with basic scientific management, people treated like machines

Front 55

Human Relation Approach to Bureacracy

Back 55

emphasizes people, communication, and partiality in process (Elton Mayo)

Front 56

False: Functionalist and Human Relation

Back 56

T/F: Most successful organizations are a mix of both Functionalist and Feminist approach.

Front 57

Interactionist Perspective on Bureaucracy

Back 57

focuses on interactions, individuals, small groups; Hawthorne Effect - switch workers

Front 58

Asch's Study

Back 58

study showing that only 25% of people will give the right answers when they are surrounded by people giving the wrong answer

Front 59

Milgram's Study

Back 59

showed how far people will go to harm other people when authority tells them to (a.k.a. Stanley Shock Study)

Front 60

deviance

Back 60

behavior that violates expected rules of norms

Front 61

positive deviance

Back 61

over conforms

Front 62

negative deviance

Back 62

falls below social expectations

Front 63

1. It can be a condition, belief, or behavior.
2. It is accompanied by social stigmas.
3. It varies across and within societies.
4. It can be formal or informal.
5. Perceptions change over time.
6. All crime is deviant, not all deviance is a crime.

Back 63

Characteristics of Deviance

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crime

Back 64

violation of societal norms and rules written into public laws that is subject to punishment

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victimless crime

Back 65

crime committed where no one is hurt (Ex: putting your garbage in someone else’s dumpster)

Front 66

occupation/professional crime

Back 66

commits crime as a job (one person) (Ex: thief, drug dealer)

Front 67

organized crime

Back 67

group that commits crime on a large basis (Ex: gangs)

Front 68

white color crime

Back 68

one person committing illegal acts (Ex: embezzlement)

Front 69

corporate crime

Back 69

illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies

Front 70

transnational crime

Back 70

takes crime across borders (Ex: illegal immigrants)

Front 71

hate crime

Back 71

usually violent, bias motivated crime that occurs when a a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain social group

Front 72

1. affirms cultural norms

2. provides temporary safety values

3. create social unity

4. improves the economy

5. triggers social change

Back 72

Functions of Crime and Deviance

Front 73

1. tension

2. insecurity

3. erodes trust

4. damages confidence

5. can be costly

Back 73

Dysfunctions of Crime and Deviance

Front 74

1. Conformists - accept goals and means (only group not deviant) +/+

2. Innovationists - accept goals but reject means +/-

3. Ritualisms - reject goals but accept means -/+

4. Retreatism - reject goals and means -/-

5. Rebellion - replace goals and means -/-, +/+

Back 74

Merton's Strain Theory - 5 Modes of Adaptation to Strain

Front 75

control theory

Back 75

deviance depends on our ties and bonds to others and society

Front 76

Conflict Perspective on Crime

Back 76

powerful groups control the law and it’s application

Front 77

Power Theory

Back 77

Power can cause deviance; Powerful people are more likely to commit crimes than those who are not powerful (greater motive, greater opportunity, less control watching over them)

Front 78

Differential Justice Theory

Back 78

Focuses on the different ways social control is used on different groups; Often based on race/ethnic, social class, gender bases (Ex: white offenders receive shorter sentences than blacks)

Front 79

Feminist Theory

Back 79

Deviance and crime are a result of the economic advantage men have always had in our society, in any patriarchal society; feminization of poverty - refers to most U.S. poor families being headed by women

Front 80

Symbolic Interaction Perspective on Crime

Back 80

differential association theory suggests that people learn deviance through interaction; it depends on the different people you associate with

Front 81

labeling theory

Back 81

States that deviance depends on how others react.

Front 82

stigmatism

Back 82

we stigmatize those that don’t conform, whether openly or not

Front 83

primary deviance

Back 83

initial violation of a norm or law (event occurred)

Front 84

secondary deviance

Back 84

occurs when individuals have been labeled deviant (internalize the label)

Front 85

False: men, African American

Back 85

T/F: Most crime victims are women, white, people under 25, poor, live in urban areas

Front 86

True

Back 86

T/F: Offenders are white men under 30 live in inner-city areas

Front 87

True

Back 87

T/F: Men are more likely to be offenders and and commit violent crimes for women

Front 88

social control

Back 88

refers to ways in which we try to prevent deviant behavior in society; techniques and strategies that regulate behavior; happens in all levels in society, from family to government

Front 89

criminal justice

Back 89

includes police, courts, and prison

Front 90

Functionalist Perspective on Social Control

Back 90

people must respect norms or society could not function

Front 91

Conflict Perspective on Social Control

Back 91

social control just keeps power in the hands of those that already have it

Front 92

Symbolic Interaction Perspective on Social Control

Back 92

social control has different meanings for different societies and cultures

Front 93

conformity

Back 93

going along with peers or a crowd

Front 94

obediance

Back 94

compliance with a higher authority (Stanley Shock Study)

Front 95

True

Back 95

T/F: We conform to norms because we want to get along in society.

Front 96

social inequality

Back 96

a condition in which members of a society enjoy different amounts of wealth, privilege, and power

Front 97

social stratification

Back 97

a condition in which members of society are ranked in terms of wealth, privilege, or power

Front 98

1. Wealth - money, economic assets, income (salary/wages)
2. Power - ability of a person to get their way
3. Prestige - respect, recognition, or regard given to a position/status (some people use

labels (address/clothes) to associate themselves with prestige)

- esteem - respect of regard for an individual that you know

Back 98

Dimensions of Stratification

Front 99

1. Slavery - human trafficking still exists today (ascribed status)
2. Castes - previous system in India (ascribed status)
3. Estates - nobility, clergy, commoners (ascribed status)
4. Social Class - our ranking system in the U.S. (achieved status)

Back 99

4 Basic Systems of Stratification

Front 100

1. Society must make certain that its positions are filled.

2. Some positions are more important than others.

3. The more important positions must be filled by more qualified people.

4. To motivate the more qualified people to fill these positions, they must offer greater rewards.

Back 100

Davis and Moore Hypothesis

Front 101

Marx Perspective of Stratification

Back 101

2 classes: owners & workers, capitalism is the reason stratification and any class system exists; believed that social class was based solely on one’s relationship to the means of production

Front 102

Weber

Back 102

we have 3 elements: class, status, power

Front 103

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Stratification

Back 103

we see stratification in our society conspicuous consumption and leisure

Front 104

conspicuous consumption

Back 104

what we have

Front 105

conspicuous leisure

Back 105

what we do or where we go

Front 106

social class

Back 106

a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility or the movement from one class to another

Front 107

True

Back 107

T/F: The higher one’s social class, the higher one’s ability to control their own lives, get a higher education, better health care, and have better mental health.

Front 108

socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 108

an overall rank of people’s positions based on their income, education, and occupation

Front 109

False: hard time because it's a small pool of people they can marry

Back 109

T/F: Member of the capitalistic class (wealthy) have a easier time finding a mate because they're rich.

Front 110

True

Back 110

T/F: The working class is more liberal on economic issues and more conservative on social issues. The capitalistic class is more conservative on economic issues and more liberal on social issues.

Front 111

1. Absolute - not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities
2. Relative - not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living

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Types of Poverty

Front 112

True

Back 112

T/F: Poverty is increasing, 37 million people live in poverty in the U.S., 13 million of which are children.

Front 113

False: it's outdated

Back 113

T/F: The poverty line formula is completed accurate.

Front 114

False: white

Back 114

T/F: The race of most poor people is black.

Front 115

True

Back 115

T/F: There has been very little change since 1935 in the distribution of income in the U.S.

Front 116

True

Back 116

T/F: Approximately 1% of the American population (capitalist class) has more wealth than the entire bottom 90% in the class structure combined.

Front 117

False: rural areas have more poverty

Back 117

T/F: There is more poverty in urban areas than rural.

Front 118

1. dangerous/ deadly/illegal jobs done by the poor

2. punishment of the poor strengthens resolve of the majority to do better

3. the poor deal with the most problems (residential locations, living conditions, etc.)

4. the existence of the poor guarantees the existence of the wealthy

Back 118

Functions of Poverty

Front 119

social mobility

Back 119

movement in the stratification hierarchy

Front 120

1. Horizontal - movement from one position to another at the same level of the social class ladder

2. Vertical - up or down the social class ladder

3. Intergenerational - one generation is better of worse off compared to the previous generation (inter - between)

4. Intragenerational - person goes up or down within their own lifetime (intra - within)

Back 120

4 Types of Mobility