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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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A form of diffusion in which an idea or disease spreads by trickling down from larger cities (which are more populated and well travelled to) to smaller cities.
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Spatially Contiguous Diffusion
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a form of diffusion in which an idea or disease spreads out from a point of origin, further distances are effected later
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Four facts about the AIDS Crisis
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1.38.3 million people are living with AIDS today
2.AIDS is the #1 cause of death in Africa since 1999 3.90% of HIV positives live in the 3rd World 4.South Africa is the most infected in number (5.7 million). Nigeria is the 2nd (2.6 million) |
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What happened to Botswana's life expectancy between 1955 and 2005? Why?
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It rose from 1955-73 then fell dramatically to 33.7 years in 2005. This was because of the AIDS crisis.
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Understand four major patterns of migration that spread AIDS
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1.Tourism -prostitution, "sex tours," 10% of females in Thailand are commercial sex workers.
2.Business -Business trips to Caribbean's, Asia, Africa contract AIDS 3.Labor Migration -SAPs, Industrialization, male solitary urban migration. 4.War -Soldiers tend to be young, single. Rape. |
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New Ecological Paradigm
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Human destiny depends on survival of nature, gained force in 60s and 70s
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Environmental Cultural Clash
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1.Cultural differences lead to different ways of viewing environmental issues
2.Different views of problem-at the problem definition level and at the solution-strategy level. 3.Solutions must be culture sensitive. |
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Environmental Kuznets Curve
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As countries undergo the initial stages of industrialization, environmental indicators (air quality, water quality, forest coverage) generally deteriorate. Then a turning point is reached and many of these indicators gradually state to improve, although there are exceptions (carbon dioxide emissions).
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Monsoon Climate
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Climates in which rain falls only 6 months of the year, people therefore depend on mountainous watershed areas and in more recent times on dam reservoirs, to keep streams and rivers flowing year round.
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Salween Scandal
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Trees are cut down in Thailand, and 'then sent to the border, where Thai firms that had been granted logging concessions in Burma stamp them as being of Burmese origin. The logs are then floated down the Salween River and back into Thailand through official checkpoints.
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Green-Brown Split
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The North is more concerned with "green" environmental issues such as conserving forests and wildlife, whereas governments in the South would rather focus on "brown" issues such as pollution, urban environmental quality and clean technology.
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Sustainable Developrnent
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Development that consumes resources to meet needs today but responsibly for future generations to meet survival needs
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Environmental Refugees
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People who don't have secure livelihoods in traditional homelands because of environmental factors of unusual scope.
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Understand some environmental facts as presented in class.
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US has 4% of the world's population, consumes 25% of the earth's resources, 33% of the world's paper, 30% of the cars in the world, drives 50% of the total world mileage.
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What are some major characteristics of Cancun Tourism?
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1. In 1974 Mexican government carved the resort out of the jungle
2. $3 billion/year business 3. 1/3 or Mexico’s tourism revenue 4. Half of Cancun hotels are Mexican owned (but not locally) |
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What were the pros and cons of tourism?
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Pros
1.Infrastructure construction 2. More Jobs Cons 1. Environmental concerns such as trash, pollution 2. Tourism Frenzy 3. Conspicuous consumption possibly leading to social instability 4. Opening of land for commercial use 5. Organized crime 6. Leakage |
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Why is the tourism industry unstable?
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The instability of the tourism industry is due to it being easily disturbed by political turmoil, terrorism, economic crisis,
natural disasters, and public health problems. |
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What are the benefits of dams?
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1. Provide cheap electricity
2.Control the provision of power 3.Control the provision of water 4.Create many jobs especially during construction 5.Contribute to the economy as a tourist destination |
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What are the costs of dams?
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1. Destroy archaeological sites
2. Harm fish stock, damage soil 3. Displace people. Destroy communities. 4. Lead to social conflict. |
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Understand the history of Sardar Sarovar dam project from 1985-2005
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1985 -World Bank approved $ 450 million loan to India for Sardar Sarovar
1986 -Dam construction begins 1993 -World Bank withdraws from Sardar Sarovar 1995"':" India Supreme Court stops construction 2000 -Supreme Court decision allows dam construction to restart 1. Only up to 90 meters 2. People must be resettled before submergence 2002 -30,000 families have not been resettled. It reached 95 meters. 2005 -110 meters. Supreme Court stops further construction |
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Understand the causes of deforestation.
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1.Commercial logging
2. Cattle ranching (Central and South America) 3.Land clearing for cash crops such as coffee |
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Understand the consequences of deforestation.
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1. Global warming
2. Loss of biodiversity 3. Destruction of tribal community 4.Disease 5.Urban migration (environmental refugees) |
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What was the impact of 1989 Ban on Logging in Thailand?
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1. Rising unemployment of elephants
2. Elephant migration to tourist spots |
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Is liberal democracy good for environment?
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1. We tend to assume democracy is b/c it allows environmentalism to flourish
a. People in Thailand are freer than Burmese to express green concerns 2. Authoritarian countries are better able to order citizens to obey environmental regulations b. Singapore 3. Poorest countries with weaker democratic institutions have the most resources left intact c. Burma 4. DEMOCARTIZATION: seems to bring deforestation = a. Indonesia and Cambodia after transitions to democracy in 1990s 5. Neal Englehart: the freer a country is the more rapidly it loses its forests |
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What is the ASEAN's non-interference policy?
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Member states avoid publicly criticizing their neighbors about anything considered to be "internal affairs.
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What does Fahn mean by calling Thailand as "the Italy of Asia"?
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Fanh means that Thailand is an extreme example of how the patron-client relationship has created a society rife with corruption.
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What is the world's population?
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6.9 billion
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Which is the fastest growing region?
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Africa
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What is the largest world region?
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Asia
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Parasite Singles
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A Japanese term for a single person who lives with their parents until their late twenties or early thirties in order to enjoy a carefree and comfortable life. In English, the expression "sponge" or "basement dweller" may sometimes be used.
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Global Gag Rule
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The Mexico City Policy, also known by critics as the Mexico City Gag Rule and the Global Gag Rule, was an intermittent United States government policy that required all non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that receive federal funding to refrain from performing or promoting abortion services
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Demographic Transition Theory
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The historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population. The decline of mortality usually precedes the decline in fertility, thus resulting in rapid population growth during the transition period.
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Wealth Flows Theory
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Relates demographic transition to changes in intergenerational transfers within the family.
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Carbon Credit
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A permit that allows the holder to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide. Credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced their green house gases below their emission quota.
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Environmental indicators deteriorate during the initial stages of industrial development, but then start to improve once a certain level ofdevelopment is achieved. This pattern is conceptualized as
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Environmental Kuznet's Curve
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Humans are exempt from the limitations ofthe natural system, because we can overcome them through scientific progress. This paradigm is called _:
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Human Exeptionalism Paradigm
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A study of the spread of AIDS indicates that the AIDS epidemic jumps from one travel hub to another. This type of diffusion is conceptualized as
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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In contrast to human exemptionalism paradigm, this paradigm which gained force in the 1960s and 1970s emphasizes that human destiny depends on the survival of nature and thus humans must cooperate with it. This paradigm is called
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New Ecological Paradigm
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Beliefs in truth, progress, science, and ultimate human emancipation, that are the roots of human exemptionalism paradigm, are called
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Enlightenment Ideology
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Fahn points out that in tropical countries such as Thailand, rain falls for only about six months of the year,which increases the reliance of people on dams. This type of climate is called
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Monsoon Climate
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President Bush issued an executive order prohibiting foreign family planning organizations from receiving U.S. government aid if they provide abortions or if they counsel women about abortion as an option. This order is known as
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Global Gag Rule
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How does dependency theory explain population growth in the Third World?
Short Answer |
MNC's move to third world countries as a result of "race to the bottom." leads to more sweatshops, leads to more child labor. need for money creates need to increase family size to earn more.
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How does modernization theory explain pop. growth in third world?
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debt crisis in third world leads to need for more SAP's in countries. result is cut in social services spending, leading to less educational opportunities (especially w/ women). forces women to marry younger, leads to motherhood as only accepted status for women.
Birthrate also steadily increases. |
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Which of the following is/are identified in class as the reason(s) for the instability of tourism industry?
a) Political turmoil b) Infectious diseases c) Natural disasters d) Both a) and b) e) AIl of the above |
e) AIl of the above
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Which country has the highest number of HIV positive patients in the world?
a)South Africa b) Sudan c) Kenya d) Zambia e) Rwanda |
South Africa
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Which of the following is NOT among the four major sources of AIDS diffusion, identified in class?
a) tourism . b) poverty c) business d) labor migration e) war |
Poverty
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Which of the following is NOT among the consequences of deforestation?
a) Political turmoil b) Infectious diseases c) Natural disasters d) Both a) and b) e) AIl of the above |
All of the above
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Which of the following is NOT among the consequences of deforestation?
a) global warming b) disease such as Malaria C)}cattle ranching d) urban migration |
cattle ranching
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Signified by the term "green-brown split," Fahn argues that the North and the South are concerned about different environmental issues. So-called "brown" environmental issues include which of the following?
a) conserving forests b)eliminating pollution c) protecting wildlife d) both a and c e) all of the above |
b) eliminating pollution
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One consequence of Thailand's 1989 Ban on Logging was
a) mass suicide of elephants due to depression after the loss of jobs. B. elephantcide (genocide of elephants) c) rising unemployment and subsequent migration of elephants d) rising unemployment and subsequent increases of elephant prostitutes |
C) rising unemployment and migration of elephants
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According to class lecture, the region with the fastest growing population is:
a) Europe b) Africa c) Asia d) North America |
Africa
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In regard to global population, Malthus argued that:
a) technological development would increase the food supply, so there would be no population b) the food supply would not keep up with rapid population growth. c) population would grow much faster in developing nations than in developed nations. d) population would grow much faster in developed nations than in developing nations. |
b) the food supply would not keep up with rapid population growth.
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According to the Video "The People Paradox," how many immigrant workers per year does Japan need to receive in order to keep its workforce from shrinking due to the aging of its population?
a) 160,00 b) 600,000 c) 1.6 million d) 6 million |
b) 600,000
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How many people have contracted the HIV virus since 1981 (officially)?
a 15 million b. 65 million c. 115 million d. 165 million |
b. 65 million
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Which of the following accurately describes Botswana's life expectancy?
a) In 2005, Botswana's life expectancy dropped to 44.4 years, which is similar to the 1955 level of 43 years. b) Since 1955, Botswana's medical system developed gradually, and its life expectancy rose to 33.7 years by 2005. c) Botswana's life expectancy dropped from 53.2 years in 1975 to 33.7 years in 2005. d) In 2005, Botswana's life expectancy reached 53.2 years. e) In 1995, Botswana's life expectancy reached 53.2 years, but by 2005, it dropped to 44.4 years due to the AIDS crisis. |
c) Botswana's life expectancy dropped from 53.2 years in 1975 to
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What was India's Supreme Court decision in October 2000 on the issue of a dam construction?
a) The dam construction can proceed with a condition that all displaced people receive cash compensation. b) The dam construction can proceed with a condition that all temples and shrines must be relocated to safe places. c. the dam construction can proceed with a condition that it must be completed by 2010. d. the dam construction can proceed with a condition that all displaced people are resettled into new locations. |
d. the dam construction can proceed with a condition that all displaced people are resettled into new locations.
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Signified by the term "green-brown split," the North and the South are concerned about different environmental issues. So-called "green" environmental issues include which of the following?
A. conserving forests B. eliminating pollution C. increasing safe sanitation D. both b and c |
A. conserving forests
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what is the worlds current population?
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6.9 billion
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Salween Scandal is the case in which Thai government decided to ignore the rising number of HIV positives among prostitutes in Salween district, so that it will continue to benefit from sex tourism.
True or False |
FALSE
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True/False
The ASEAN's policy of non-interfeance refers to a condition in which member states avoid publicly criticizing their neighbors about internal affairs such as human rights violation and environmental degradation. |
TRUE
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In the 1960s, population growth in the periphery began to concern First World governments because f
f more people who were HIV positive started migrating to the First World for better medical care. |
FALSE
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According to the Video "The People Paradox," the term "parasite singles" refers to Japanese single f
parents who depend on social welfare for more than three years. |
FALSE
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Due to the shortage of nurses in developed countries, there has been migration of nurses from the
Third World to the First World. This phenomenon is called |
NURSE DRAIN
8======D |
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How did SAPs contribute to the spread of AIDs in rural areas?
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1. AIDs takes a form of “hierarchical diffusion” jumping from travel hub to travel hub
2. Access to public health decreases 3. SAP moves center of economy from rural to urban in way of factories shooting up=migration, some migrate alone (men)=some portion of those to prostitutes=spread of aids=then back to rural areas=spread in rural areas to wife 4. SAP ALSO=introduction of medical fees and problem intensifies |
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Understand Thomas Malthus’s theory of population. And how is his theory applicable today?
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1. Population increases in a geometric ration (1,2,4,8,32), which food production increases in an arithmetical ratio (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8…)
2. Therefore, the food supply won’t be able to keep up w/ growing population 3. Population needs to be controlled through “moral restraint” and “marriage postponement” 4. If not controlled, population increase will cause “positive check” such as famine, disease, and war until it returns to a balance |
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Why is a large family with many children so prevalent in less-developed nations?
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1. Tradition
a. Culture (e.g. view toward birth control and contraceptives) b. Women’s status/roles c. Tribal loyalties 2. Children as economic aid a. Wealth Flows Theory 3. Old-age security 4. Inadequate family planning and medical services |
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Wealth Flows Theory
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High fertility continues as long as it has immediate economic advantages
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Why did population growth in the periphery begin to concern First World governments in the 1960s?
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1. Humanitarian view – if not controlled, more people will suffer
2. Food riots – economic /political instability 3. Fear of international mass migration 4. Concern about the spread of communism (1960s = cold war) |
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What is “civil society”?
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Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that state's political system) and commercial institutions of the market
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What are three meanings of “anti-globalization”?
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1. Anti-Capitalism
2. Anti-Corporate Capitalism 3. Anti-Detraditionalization |
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Anti-Capitalism
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This position supports communism which it claims never existed in human history in a pure form
Goal: global communism through revolution |
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Anti-Corporate Capitalism
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This position stands in opposite to large, multi-national corporations having unregulated political power and to the powers exercised through trade agreements and deregulated financial markets
Goal: democratic governance, sustainable development, fair trade, advancement of human rights |
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Anti-Detraditionalization
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This position stands in opposition to the destruction of traditional (national, regional, local) culture, customs, and identities
Goal: retraditionalization, authenticity of culture and identity |
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What is “post-development theory”?
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Premise: Content of development is largely defined in terms of the western experience.
This theory starts with the notion that development should be rejected entirely as the guiding principle or desired goal for TW nations.Efforts toward development have done more harm to most people in the Third World than good. |
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What is “simultaneous policy”?
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International competition discourages any national attempts to develop and/or implement humanitarian policies (such as minimum wages, child labor laws, environmental policies, etc.)
Simultaneous policy is an idea to eliminate this obstacle, proposing that every country will simultaneously develop and implement policies. It is simultaneous in two senses: 1) every nation take actions simultaneously 2) actions are taken simultaneously in various domains such as economy, politics, environment, etc. |
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8. Quote from The People Paradox: “Economic growth in East Asia was not miraculous at all. It was fundamentally, a demographic phenomenon, and it’s a demographic phenomenon that can be repeated in other countries like India and Kenya. If they keep fertility down and invest in their young working age people, India and Kenya have an opportunity to escape the poverty traps that have ensnared them for centuries.” What did Mr. T say about this argument?
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1. Easy for scholars to say harder to actually apply
2. Population issue is effected by all other factors-gender, poverty, this argument captures one slice of reality but population is really effected by many other factors=too simplified |
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What impact did the global gag rule have on Kenya?
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1. Reproductive health is almost exclusively led by two organizations: Marie Stokes International Kenya (MSI) and Family Planning Association of Kenya (FPAK).
2. In non-urban areas, these two organizations are the only affordable options. 3. When Global Gag Rule was reinstated in 2001, MSI and FPAK refused its terms. 4. FPAK lost 58% of its funding, closed 3 of is 15 clinics in 2002 (3 more closed in 2005), laid off 30% of its staff. 5. MSI lost 40% of its operating budget, closed two clinics (out of 21), laid off 20% of its staff, cut salaries and imposed increased fees to keep other clinics open |
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Modernization Theory
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Internal factors such as traditional values, lack of sufficient health care, education are the reasons for overpopulation
Solution – be open to Western values and Western forms of family planning |
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Dependency Theory
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Cut ties with developed nations
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What is the current fertility rate in Japan?
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1.3 children per woman
Japan’s population of 126 mil will be halved by the end of the 21st century |
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How does Japan’s population pyramid differ from India’s?
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India’s is a pyramid and Japan’s is an upside down pyramid
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Is the U.S. population shrinking?
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No. It is the 3rd most populated nation.
Climbing from 300 to 300 mil people |
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How much will the average American child consume and pollute over a lifetime, compared to a child born in India?
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1 American child will consume and pollute more over a lifetime than 30 children in India
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What happened to Kenya’s population during the last two decades?
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Two decades of family planning cut fertility from seven to four per woman
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What did the U.S. do with regard to financial support for family planning in foreign countries?
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U.S. funding for family planning has been cut if abortion was made an option
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