Sociology 101 Chapter3

Front 1

Culture-

Back 1

(lmobk)The totality of our shared language, material objects, and behavior, knowledge.

Front 2

Through culture we perceive the

Back 2

world around us

Front 3

Culture provides us with

Back 3

(hss) habits skills and styles

Front 4

We preserve culture through

Back 4

(lavo) literature, art, video recordings, and other means of expression.

Front 5

While it is through culture that we establish a relationship to the external world, society...

Back 5

provides the context within which those relationships develop.

Front 6

Cultural universal-

Back 6

A common practice or belief shared by all societies.

Front 7

Sociobiology-

Back 7

The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior.

Front 8

Innovation-

Back 8

The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention.

Front 9

Two main forms of innovation:

Back 9

Discovery, Invention

Front 10

Discovery-

Back 10

The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

Front 11

Invention-

Back 11

The combination of existing culture items into a form that did not exist before.

Front 12

Material culture-

Back 12

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.

Front 13

Nonmaterial culture-

Back 13

Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.

Front 14

Four key components of nonmaterial culture:

Back 14

(lvns) Language, values, norms, and sanctions.

Front 15

Technology-

Back 15

"Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires."

Front 16

Technology is a form of

Back 16

Material culture

Front 17

Diffusion-

Back 17

The process by which a culture item spreads from group to group or society to society.

Front 18

Diffusion occur through means of

Back 18

exploration, war, military conquest, and missionary work.

Front 19

Gerhard Lenski suggests that technology is...

Back 19

a form of material culture that represents a way of knowing

Front 20

Ogburn introduced the term

Back 20

"Culture lag"

Front 21

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf argued that

Back 21

since people can conceptualize the world only through language, language precedes thought. word symbols and grammar of language organize the world for us. Also language is not given but culturally determined

Front 22

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:

Back 22

The idea that the language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions.

Front 23

Language-

Back 23

A system of shared symbols; it includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions.

Front 24

Culture lag-

Back 24

A period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Front 25

We are not born with nonverbal expressions but we...

Back 25

learn them from people who share our culture

Front 26

Sociologist Robin Willians has offered..

Back 26

A list of our basic values

Front 27

Nonverbal Communication-

Back 27

the use of gestures, facial expressions and other visual images to communicate

Front 28

Value-

Back 28

A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper -or bad, undesirable, and improper- in a culture.

Front 29

Norm-

Back 29

An established standard of behavior maintained by a society.

Front 30

Formal norm-

Back 30

A norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators

Front 31

Laws-

Back 31

Formal norms enforced by the state.

Front 32

While Values express our core beliefs, norms...

Back 32

provide guidance for how to act.

Front 33

Norms are classified as either

Back 33

formal or informal and also by their relative importance to society.

Front 34

Informal norm-

Back 34

A norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded

Front 35

Mores-

Back 35

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

Front 36

Folkways-

Back 36

Norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raise comparatively little concern.

Front 37

Sanctions-

Back 37

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.

Front 38

The purpose of sanctions is to...

Back 38

influence future behavior

Front 39

Sanctions work to enforce the...

Back 39

order that the norms represent

Front 40

Gustave Le Bon said in 1895

Back 40

"civilizations is impossible without traditions, and progress impossible without the destruction of those traditions. It is difficult to find proper equilibrium between stability and variability."

Front 41

Dominant ideology-

Back 41

A set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimates existing powerful social, economic, and political interests. Dominant ideas.

Front 42

Hungarian Marxist Georg Lukacs and Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci first proposed that "dominant ideas" can cast

Back 42

threats to the existing order

Front 43

Together elements of culture provided...

Back 43

social coherence and order.

Front 44

In Karl Marx view, a capitalist society has a dominant ideology that...

Back 44

serves the interest of the ruling class

Front 45

1960's often characterized by the phrase...

Back 45

"Sex drugs and rock 'n' roll," where younger people were expressing need for a new society

Front 46

Subculture-

Back 46

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society.

Front 47

Argot-

Back 47

Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

Front 48

Members of a subculture participate in the dominant culture while at the same time...

Back 48

engaging in unique and distinctive forms of behavior

Front 49

Counterculture-

Back 49

A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.

Front 50

Culture shock-

Back 50

The feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices.

Front 51

William Graham Sumner coined the term

Back 51

"ethnocentrism"- the tendency to assume that one's own culture and the way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.

Front 52

Negative consequences of the ethnocentric value judgements is that they...

Back 52

devalue groups and deny equal opportunities

Front 53

Cultural relativism-

Back 53

the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture.

Front 54

Cultural relativism places

Back 54

priority on understanding other cultures

Front 55

Cultural relativism is not the same as moral relativism so it does not suggest

Back 55

we unquestionably accept every cultural variation but make the unbias effort to evaluate them