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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Quantitive Methods
Numerical, empirical data. Use of Variables, Correlation vs. Causation
Qualitative Methods
Specific, In depth. Interviews/Life research
Correlation

Causation
A Relation is present

A causes B
Hawthorne Effect
People change their behavior because they know they were being watched
Informed Consent
Must inform research participants of your information
Humphrey Experiment
Laud Humphrey’s study of the demographics of male
homosexuality in The Tearoom Trade. This found a rest top where straight people had gay sex.
Kinsey Report
Study of sexual behavior in Males
Durkheim
Suicide Study tried to establish the use of Empiricism in modern sociology which was previously traditionally regarded as exclusively psychological and individualistic.
Positivism
Positivism is a philosophy that holds that the only authentic knowledge is that which is based on actual sense experience.
Semmelweis
OBGYN doctor who rebelled against commonly agreed knowledge. Found the reason rich women were dying, doctors didn't wash their hands or coats between delivering pregnancies.
John Snow
Father of Epidemiology, Mapped the spread of cholera and made med students wash hands and change coats, much to the outrage of the medical community. Martyred himself.
C. Wright Mills
Sociological Imagination: makes one consider the personal factor as well as the historical consequences that influence it.
Symbolic Interactionism
 Sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.Has a micro-level orientation. Focuses on patterns of social interact in specific settings.
Structural Functional Paradigm
Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together
Asserts that our lives are guided by social structures
Each social structure has social functions
The influence of this paradigm has declined in recent years.
Tends to ignore inequalities of class, race, gender
Social Conflict
Sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
Key figures = Marx and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Has developed rapidly in recent years.
Has several weaknesses:
Ignores social unity.
Like the structural-functional paradigm, it envisions society in terms of broad abstractions.
Auguste Comte
French. Invented the word, sociology
Believe this new field would produce a knowledge of society based on scientific evidence
Thought sociology would contribute to the welfare of humanity by using science to understand the therefore predict and control human behavior
Emile Durkheim
Goal = establish sociology on a scientific basis.
Suicide is a vital work because it is the first effective combination of sociological theory and empiricism to explain a social phenomenon.
Karl Marx
Contrasts with Durkheim
Viewpoint founded on what he called the materialist conception of history. “All human history thus far is the history of class struggles.”
Interpretation, con’t.
Marx:
The main dynamic of modern development is the expansion of capitalism.
Marx believed that we must study the divisions within a society that are derived from the economic inequalities of capitalism.
Max Weber
 Study of bureaucracy
 Analyzed the distinctiveness of major civilizations
 More cautious in proclaiming sociology a science
 Considered race and gender issues when studying class struggles and differences
Interpretation, con’t.
Weber:
 The main dynamic of modern development is the rationalization of social and economic life.
Weber focused on why Western societies developed so differently from other societies. Weber focused on why Western societies developed so differently from other societies.
Theoretical Approaches
Auguste Comte--->Emile Durkheim--->Functionalism

Karl Marx--->Marxism

George Herbert Mead--->Symbolic Interactionism---> Max Weber
Talcott Parsons
Parsons posits that the most empirically significant sociological theory must be concerned with complex systems, that is, systems composed of many subsystems.
The primary empirical type-reference is to society, which is highly complex. Empirically, social systems are conceived as open systems, engaged in complicated processes of interchange with environment systems.
Sociological Perspective
Microsociology: study of everyday behavior in situations of face to face interaction

Macrosociology: the analysis of large-scale social systems, like the political system or the economic order
Research Methods
Ethnography
Firsthand studies of people using participant observation or interviewing
Surveys
Standardized and open-ended questions
Consider sampling
Experiments
Test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by an investigator
Sociological Research
Vulnerable populations
Human subjects
Bias
Limitations of Research
Influence of sociology
Multiculturalism
Eurocentrism – the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
Afrocentrism – the dominance of African cultural patterns
Robin Williams’ 10 Widespread Values That Are Central to Our American Way of Life
• Equal opportunity
• Achievement and success
• Material comfort
• Activity and work
• Practicality and work
• Progress
• Science
• Democracy and free enterprise
• Freedom
• Racism and group superiority
Unsocialized Children
"Wild Boy of Veyron"

"Genie"
Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development
Moral reasoning
The ways in which individuals judge situations as right or wrong
Preconventional
Young children experience the world as pain or pleasure
Conventional
Teen years what pleases parents, consistent with cultural norms
Postconventional
Final stage consider abstract ethical principles
Erickson
Theory views personality as a lifelong process and success at one stage prepares us for the next challenge
Carol Gilligan: Gender Factor
Compared boy’s and girl’s moral reasoning

 Girl’s develop a care and responsibility perspective
 Personal relationships define reasoning
Agents of Socialization
• Media
• Schools
• Peers
• Family
• Work
Total Institutions
A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff.

ERVING GOFFMAN (1961)
Resocialization
Radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
ERVING GOFFMAN (1961)
 Staff breaks down existing identity
 Staff rebuilds personality using rewards and punishments
Total institutions affect people in different ways: rehabilitated, little effect or hostile, some develop an institutionalized personality
Bureaucracy
 Rational model designed to perform complex tasks efficiently
 Max Weber’s six elements to promote organizational efficiency
Theories of Organizations

Weber

Focault
 Developed the first systematic interpretation of the rise of modern organizations
 Said organizations are ways of coordinating the activities of human beings, or the goods they produce, in a stable way across space and time

Focault- Showed that the architecture of an organization is directly involved with its social makeup and system of authority
Robert Merton's criticisms of Weber's Bureaucracy model
• Bureaucrats are trained to rely strictly on written rules and procedures
• Adherence to the bureaucratic rules could eventually take precedence over the underlying organizational goals.
• Possibility of tension between the public and bureaucracy: inability to meet consumer’s needs