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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Quantitive Methods
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Numerical, empirical data. Use of Variables, Correlation vs. Causation
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Qualitative Methods
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Specific, In depth. Interviews/Life research
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Correlation
Causation |
A Relation is present
A causes B |
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Hawthorne Effect
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People change their behavior because they know they were being watched
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Informed Consent
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Must inform research participants of your information
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Humphrey Experiment
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Laud Humphrey’s study of the demographics of male
homosexuality in The Tearoom Trade. This found a rest top where straight people had gay sex. |
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Kinsey Report
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Study of sexual behavior in Males
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Durkheim
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Suicide Study tried to establish the use of Empiricism in modern sociology which was previously traditionally regarded as exclusively psychological and individualistic.
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Positivism
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Positivism is a philosophy that holds that the only authentic knowledge is that which is based on actual sense experience.
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Semmelweis
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OBGYN doctor who rebelled against commonly agreed knowledge. Found the reason rich women were dying, doctors didn't wash their hands or coats between delivering pregnancies.
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John Snow
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Father of Epidemiology, Mapped the spread of cholera and made med students wash hands and change coats, much to the outrage of the medical community. Martyred himself.
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C. Wright Mills
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Sociological Imagination: makes one consider the personal factor as well as the historical consequences that influence it.
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.Has a micro-level orientation. Focuses on patterns of social interact in specific settings.
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Structural Functional Paradigm
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Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together
Asserts that our lives are guided by social structures Each social structure has social functions The influence of this paradigm has declined in recent years. Tends to ignore inequalities of class, race, gender |
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Social Conflict
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Sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
Key figures = Marx and W.E.B. Du Bois. Has developed rapidly in recent years. Has several weaknesses: Ignores social unity. Like the structural-functional paradigm, it envisions society in terms of broad abstractions. |
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Auguste Comte
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French. Invented the word, sociology
Believe this new field would produce a knowledge of society based on scientific evidence Thought sociology would contribute to the welfare of humanity by using science to understand the therefore predict and control human behavior |
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Emile Durkheim
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Goal = establish sociology on a scientific basis.
Suicide is a vital work because it is the first effective combination of sociological theory and empiricism to explain a social phenomenon. |
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Karl Marx
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Contrasts with Durkheim
Viewpoint founded on what he called the materialist conception of history. “All human history thus far is the history of class struggles.” Interpretation, con’t. Marx: The main dynamic of modern development is the expansion of capitalism. Marx believed that we must study the divisions within a society that are derived from the economic inequalities of capitalism. |
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Max Weber
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Study of bureaucracy
Analyzed the distinctiveness of major civilizations More cautious in proclaiming sociology a science Considered race and gender issues when studying class struggles and differences Interpretation, con’t. Weber: The main dynamic of modern development is the rationalization of social and economic life. Weber focused on why Western societies developed so differently from other societies. Weber focused on why Western societies developed so differently from other societies. |
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Theoretical Approaches
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Auguste Comte--->Emile Durkheim--->Functionalism
Karl Marx--->Marxism George Herbert Mead--->Symbolic Interactionism---> Max Weber |
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Talcott Parsons
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Parsons posits that the most empirically significant sociological theory must be concerned with complex systems, that is, systems composed of many subsystems.
The primary empirical type-reference is to society, which is highly complex. Empirically, social systems are conceived as open systems, engaged in complicated processes of interchange with environment systems. |
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Sociological Perspective
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Microsociology: study of everyday behavior in situations of face to face interaction
Macrosociology: the analysis of large-scale social systems, like the political system or the economic order |
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Research Methods
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Ethnography
Firsthand studies of people using participant observation or interviewing Surveys Standardized and open-ended questions Consider sampling Experiments Test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by an investigator |
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Sociological Research
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Vulnerable populations
Human subjects Bias Limitations of Research Influence of sociology |
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Multiculturalism
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Eurocentrism – the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
Afrocentrism – the dominance of African cultural patterns |
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Robin Williams’ 10 Widespread Values That Are Central to Our American Way of Life
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• Equal opportunity
• Achievement and success • Material comfort • Activity and work • Practicality and work • Progress • Science • Democracy and free enterprise • Freedom • Racism and group superiority |
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Unsocialized Children
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"Wild Boy of Veyron"
"Genie" |
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Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development
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Moral reasoning
The ways in which individuals judge situations as right or wrong Preconventional Young children experience the world as pain or pleasure Conventional Teen years what pleases parents, consistent with cultural norms Postconventional Final stage consider abstract ethical principles |
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Erickson
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Theory views personality as a lifelong process and success at one stage prepares us for the next challenge
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Carol Gilligan: Gender Factor
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Compared boy’s and girl’s moral reasoning
Girl’s develop a care and responsibility perspective Personal relationships define reasoning |
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Agents of Socialization
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• Media
• Schools • Peers • Family • Work |
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Total Institutions
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A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff.
ERVING GOFFMAN (1961) |
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Resocialization
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Radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
ERVING GOFFMAN (1961) Staff breaks down existing identity Staff rebuilds personality using rewards and punishments Total institutions affect people in different ways: rehabilitated, little effect or hostile, some develop an institutionalized personality |
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Bureaucracy
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Rational model designed to perform complex tasks efficiently
Max Weber’s six elements to promote organizational efficiency |
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Theories of Organizations
Weber Focault |
Developed the first systematic interpretation of the rise of modern organizations
Said organizations are ways of coordinating the activities of human beings, or the goods they produce, in a stable way across space and time Focault- Showed that the architecture of an organization is directly involved with its social makeup and system of authority |
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Robert Merton's criticisms of Weber's Bureaucracy model
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• Bureaucrats are trained to rely strictly on written rules and procedures
• Adherence to the bureaucratic rules could eventually take precedence over the underlying organizational goals. • Possibility of tension between the public and bureaucracy: inability to meet consumer’s needs |