Sociology 101

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reveals the power of the society to shape individuals lives;can be encouraged by being an outsider or experiencing social crisis

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sociological perspective

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study of social behavior and human groups

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sociology

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who introduced concept of Sociological Imagination

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C. Wright Mills

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research on suicide suggest a higher rate in times of peace than in times of war

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Emile Durkheim

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taught students how to employ "verstehen" in their work(understanding and insight)

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Max Weber

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the study of the larger world and our society's place in it

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Global Perspective

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In what ways does sociological pespective pay off?

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Helps us to access "common sense",see the oppurtunities and constraints in our lives, empowers us to be active participants in our society and helps us live in a divers world.

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what changes were especially important in the sociological development?

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rise of factory based or industrial economy, the growth of cities and new ideas about democracy and political rights

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who coined the term "sociology" in 1938

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August Comte

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Comte's approach is called _______ , a scientific approach to to knowlwdge based on facts as opposed to mere speculation

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positivism

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A statement of how and why specific facts are related

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theory

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what is a basic image of society that guides thinking and research ?

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Theoretical Approach

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any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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social structure

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What is the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole?

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social function

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Herbert Spenser(1820-1903) compared society to what?

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the human body

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Robert Merton (1910-2003)expanded our understanding social functions by distinguishing between what terms? What are there meanings?

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manifest functions-the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern;latent functions-the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.

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any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

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social dysfunction

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a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

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social-conflict approach

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Regarded as the first woman sociologist

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Harriet Martineau(1802-1876)

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Sociological pioneer who in 1899 helped found Hull House, a settlement house for immigrant workers.

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Jane Addams

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Racial inequality sociological pioneers

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Ida Wells Barnett and William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

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A framework for building the theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

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Structural-functional approach

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A broad focus on structures that shape society as a whole

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Macro-level orientation

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A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations.

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Micro-level orientation

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Is a framework for building thoery that sees society as a product of everyday interactions of individuals.

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Symbolic-interaction approach

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The symbolic-interaction approach has roots in thinking from what German sociologist ?

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Max Weber

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the study of society based on scientific observation and social behavior

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positivist sociology

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information we can verify with our senses

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empirical evidence

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a logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systemic observation

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science

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Helped develop the social conflict approach

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Karl Marx

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Helped to develop the symbolic -interaction approach

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Max Weber and Herbert Mead

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What benefits does applying the sociological perspective yeild?

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helping us understand the barriers and oppurtunities in our lives, giving us advatage in our careers and guiding public policy

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a mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in simplified form

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concept

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The study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world.

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Interpretive sociology

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The study of society that focuses on the need for social change

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critical society

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Which is the correct definition of culture?

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It is a way of life that is shared by memebers of a society and shapes how we act, think and feel.

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which statement about culture is true?

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It is a human trait on which we rely for survival.

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Culture is a product of ________.

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evolution

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In what way can culture shock be created?

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when we act in ways that others do not understand.

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Cultural statistics.

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200 different cultures exist in the US and 7000 in the world

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what is something that carries a particular meaning and is recognized by people who share a culture.

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symbol

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what does the sociological perspective show use about whom any indiviual chooses to marry

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The operation of society guides many of our persobal chioces.

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The personal value of studying sociology includes

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seeing the oppurtunities and constraints in our lives,it is good preparation for a number of careers and becoming more active participants of society

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The discipline of sociology first developed in

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countries experiencing rapid social change

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Sociology's social-conflict approach draws attention to

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patterns of social inequality

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Empirical evidence refers to

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information we can verify with our senses

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when trying to measure people's "social class" you would have to keep in mind that

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there are several ways to operationalize this variable

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Interpretive sociology is a research orientation that

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focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior

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In participant observation, the problem of "breaking in" to a setting is often solved with the help of a

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key informant

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The critical sociology research orientation is linked most closely to which theoretical approach?

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social-conflict approach

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the process by which one generation passes culture on to the next is

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cultural transmission

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abstract standards of what ought to be

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values

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specific statements or ideas that people who share a culture hold to be true

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beliefs

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guide human behavior

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norms

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two types of norms

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mores and folkways

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norms that are widely spread and have great moral significance

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mores

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norms for routine or casual interaction

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folkways

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the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

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Sapir-Whorf Thesis

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compare ideal and real culture

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one is how we should behave and the other is what actually occurs in everyday life

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Culture is shaped by technology. true or false.

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true

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describe the stages of sociocultural evolution:

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hunting and gathering, horticulture andnology and pastoralism, agriculture, industry and postindustrial information technology

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Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

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Technology

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the use of hand tools to raise crop

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horticulture

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the domestication of animals

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pastoralism

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large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources

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agriculture

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the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

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industry

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the production of information using computer technology

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postindustrialism

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allows researchers to measure cause and effect between two or more variables

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Experiment

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a simplified description applied to ebery person in some catagory

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stereotype

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cultural pattern that distinguish a society's elite

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high culture

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cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

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popular culture

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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population

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subculture

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the spread of objects or ideas from one culture to the next

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diffusion

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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

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ethnocentrism

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judging a culture by its own standards

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cultural relativism

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a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

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sociobiology

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Of the world's countries the United States is the most

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cultural

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Ideas created by members of a culture are part of

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nonmaterial culture

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Sociologists define a symbol as

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anything that has meaning to people who share a culture

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U.S. culeure holds a strong belief in

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individuality

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Cheating on a final exam is an example of violating campus

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mores

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Which of the following describes ethnocentrism?

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judging another culture by standards of your own culture

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subculture refers to

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cultural patterns which set apart a segment of a society's population

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in human history the "dawn of civilization" took place with the development of

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agriculture

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which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality?

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social-conflict approach

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this approach views culture as a system of behavior by which members of societies cooperate to meet their needs

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structural-functional approach

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Globally, experts document almost ______ languages, suggesting the existance of many distinct cultures

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7000