Sociology 100A Chapter 21 Key Terms

Front 1

Absolute deprivation

Back 1

is a condition of extreme poverty.
(see page 526)

Front 2

Breakdown theory

Back 2

suggests that social movements emerge
when traditional norms and patterns
of social organization are disrupted.
(see page 525)

Front 3

Civil citizenship

Back 3

recognizes the right to free speech, freedom
of religion, and justice before the law.
(see page 540)

Front 4

Collective action

Back 4

occurs when people act in unison to bring
about or resist social, political, and economic
change. (see page 524)

Front 5

Contagion

Back 5

is the process by which extreme passions
supposedly spread rapidly through a crowd
like a contagious disease. (see page 526)

Front 6

Frame alignment

Back 6

is the process by which individual interests,
beliefs, and values become congruent
and complementary with the activities,
goals, and ideology of a social movement.
(see page 535)

Front 7

New social movements

Back 7

became prominent in the 1970s. They attract
a disproportionately large number of highly
educated people in the social, educational,
and cultural fields, and universalize the
struggle for citizenship. (see page 541)

Front 8

Political citizenship

Back 8

recognizes the right to run for office and
vote. (see page 540)

Front 9

Political opportunities

Back 9

for collective action and social movement
growth occur during election campaigns,
when influential allies offer insurgents
support, when ruling political alignments
become unstable, and when elite groups
become divided and conflict with one
another. (see page 530)

Front 10

Relative deprivation

Back 10

is an intolerable gap between the social
rewards people feel they deserve and
the social rewards they expect to receive.
(see page 526)

Front 11

Resource mobilization

Back 11

refers to the process by which social
movements crystallize because of the
increasing organizational, material, and
other resources of movement members.
(see page 530)

Front 12

Social citizenship

Back 12

recognizes the right to a certain level of
economic security and full participation in
the social life of the country. (see page 540

Front 13

Social control

Back 13

refers to methods of ensuring conformity,
for example, the means by which authorities
seek to contain collective action through
co-optation, concessions, and coercion.
(see page 530)

Front 14

Social movements

Back 14

are collective attempts to change all or part
of the political or social order by means of
rioting, petitioning, striking, demonstrating,
and establishing pressure groups, unions,
and political parties. (see page 524)

Front 15

Solidarity theory

Back 15

suggests that social movements are social
organizations that emerge when potential
members can mobilize resources, take
advantage of new political opportunities,
and avoid high levels of social control by
authorities. (see page 529)

Front 16

Strain

Back 16

refers to breakdowns in traditional norms
that precede collective action. (see page 526)

Front 17

Union density

Back 17

is the number of union members in a given
location as a percentage of non-agricultural
workers. It measures the organizational
power of unions. (see page 533)

Front 18

Universal citizenship

Back 18

recognizes the right of marginal groups to
full citizenship and the rights of humanity as
a whole. (see page 541)