Sociology 1000 Final Mun

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A system of tracing descent through both the mother and father's sides of the family

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Bilateral Descent

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The sharing of a household by a couple who lived together without being legally married

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Cohabitation

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Families in which both partners are in the labour force

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Dual-earner families

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A family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally

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Egalitarian family

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A family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household

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Extended family

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Social arrangements that include intimate relationships between couples and close familial relationships with other couples as well as with other children

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Families we chose

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A relationship in which people live together in committed relationships, form an economic unit and take care of any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group

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Family

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The family into which a person is born and in which early socialization takes place

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Family of orientation

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The family that a person forms by having or adopting children

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Family of procreation

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An attitude in which heterosexuality is considered the only valid form of sexual behaviour and gay men, lesbians and bisexuals are considered inferior to heterosexual people

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Heterosexism

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The pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, relgious background, age, education and social class

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Homogamy

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An inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual relations

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infertility

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A social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption

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kinship

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a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity

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marriage

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A family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female

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Matriarchal family

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A system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family

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Matrilineal descent

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An intimate relationship with one person at a time

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Monogamy

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A family made up of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives

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Nuclear family

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A family in which authority is held by the eldest male

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Patriarchal family

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A system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family

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Partrilineal descent

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The concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men

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Polyandry

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The practice of having more than one spouse at a time

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Polygamy

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The concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women

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Polygyny

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Arlie Hochschild's term for the domestic work that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job

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Second-shift

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the subdiscipline of sociology that attempts to describe and explain patterns of family life and variations in family structure

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Sociology of family

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An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention

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Capitalism

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Part-time or temporary work

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Contingent work

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Large-scale organizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners

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Corporations

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An economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services and free elections

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democratic socialism

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the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

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economy

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a group of employees who join together to bargain with an employer or a group of employers over wages, benefits and working conditions

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labour union

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A position that differs from the employment norms of the society in which it is located

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Marginal job

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An economic system that combines elements of a a market economy with elements of a command economy

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mixed economy

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Large companies that are headquartered in one country and have subsidiaries or branches in other countries

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multinational companies

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categories of jobs that involve similar activities at different work sites

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occupations

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the situation that exists when several companies overwhelmingly control an entire industry

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oligopoly

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An economy that is based on the provision of services rather than goods

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post-industrial economy

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the sector of the economy that extracts raw materials and natural resources from the environment

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primary sector production

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high-status, knowledge-based occupations

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professions

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the sector of the economy that processes raw materials into finished goods

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secondary sector production

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An economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals and centralized decision making

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socialism

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the percentage of unemployed persons in the labour force actively seeking jobs

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unemployment rate

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a level of economic deprivation in which people do not have the means to secure the basic necessities of life

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absolute poverty

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Karl Marx's term for those who own the means of production

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capitalist class (bourgeoisie)

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a system of social inequality in which peoples status is permanently determined at birth based on their parent's ascribed characteristics

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caste system

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A type of stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work people do

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class system

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the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty

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feminization of poverty

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the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers and ownership of property

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income

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the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next

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intergenerational mobility

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the social movement experienced by individuals within their own lifetime

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intragenerational mobility

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a reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job, which leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages paid for that job

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job deskilling

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Max Weber's term for the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources, such as food, clothing, shelter, education and healthcare

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life chances

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the income level at which a family may be "straitened circumstances" because it spends considerably more on the basic necessities than the average family

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low-income cutoff

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a hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials

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meritocracy

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relatively low paying, nonmanual, semiskilled positions generally held by women

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pink-collar occupation

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according to max weber, the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others

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power

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the repsect or regard with which a person or status position is regarded by others

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prestige

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a level of economic deprivation in which people may be able to afford the basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living

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relative poverty

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an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others

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slavery

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the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another

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social mobility

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the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources

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social stratification

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a combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families or households in terms of indicators such as income, occupation and education, to determine class location

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socioeconomic status (SES)

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the value of all of a person or family's economic assets, including income and property, such as buildings, lands, farms, houses, factories, and cars as well as other assets such as money in bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds and insurance policies.

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wealth

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karl marx's term for those who must sell their labour in order to earn enough money to survive

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working class

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A process of social selection in which are advantage and social status are linked to academic qualifications

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credentialism

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Pierre Bourdieu's term for people's social assets including their values, beliefs attitudes and competencies in language and culture

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Cultural captial

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The process by which children and recent immigrants become acquainted with the dominant cultural beliefs, values, norms and accumulated knowledge of a society.

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Cultural transmission

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The social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills and cultural values within a formally organized structure

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Education

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Learning that takes place in an academic setting, such as school, that has a planned instructional process and teachers who convey specific knowledge, skills and thinking process to students.

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Formal education

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The transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in the rules, routines and regulations of schools.

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hidden curiculum

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learning that occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way

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informal education

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free, public schooling for wide segments of a nation's population

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mass education

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the assignment of students to specific courses and educational programs based on test scores, and previous grades or both

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tracking

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According to world-systems analysis, dominant captilast centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization, as well as a high degree of control of world economy

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core nation

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The perspective that the global poverty can be at least partially attributed to the fact that low income societies have been exploited by high-income countries

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Dependency theory

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All the goods and services that a country produces in a given year, plus the income earned outside the country by individuals or corporations

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Gross National Income

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Countries with an annual per capita GNI of 12,275 US dollars

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High-income countries

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Countries with an annual GNI between 1005 and 2975

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lower-middle-income countries

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Countries with an annual GNI of US 1005 dollars or less

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low income countries

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A perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and that suggests that low income countries can move to middle and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth

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modernization theory

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The perspective that commodity production is being split into fragments that can be assigned to whichever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of capital and labour

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new international division of labour theory

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according to world-systems analysis, nations that are dependent on core nations for capital have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization

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peripheral nations

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According to world-systems analysis, nations that are more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than core nations

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semiperipheral nations

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Countries with an annual per capita GNI between US 3976-12274 per year

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Upper-middle-income countries

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The perspective that the capitalist world economy is a global system divided into a hierarchy of three major types of nations-core,semiperipheral, and peripheral- in which upward and downward mobility is conditioned y the resources and obstacles that characterize the international system

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world-systems analysis