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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peter Berger characterized sociological perscpective as
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Seeing the general in the particular
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Global Perspective
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The study of the larger wold and our society's place in it
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Theological Stage
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Religious view that society expressed God's Will
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Metaphysical Stage
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People saw society as a natural rather than supernatural phenomenon
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Scientific stage
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Analyze the physical world to study society
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Positivism
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Comte Favored it
It's a way of understanding based on science Believe society operates according to certain laws - just like gavity follows a law |
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Jane Addams
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Founded the Hull House
Provided assistance to immigrant families |
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Theory
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A statement of how and why specific facts are related
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Theoretical paradigm
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A basic image of society that guides thinking and research
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Structural-Functional Paradigm
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Frameword for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability - Auguste Comte involved
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Social Structure
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Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
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Social Functions
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Consequences for the operation of society as a whole
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Manifest Functions
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Robert K. Merton - recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern - Like going to college for education
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Latent Functions
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Unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern - like going to college for education, but meeting your future mate
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Social dysfunctions
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Social pattern's undeirable consequences for the operation of society
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Social-Conflict paradigm
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Framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change - inequilities in class, race, etc.
Critism is that it doesn't talk about unity |
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Macro-level orientation
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A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
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Micro-level Orintation
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A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations
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Symbolic-interaction paradigm
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Framework for building theory that sees society as teh product of the everyday interations of individuals - attaching meaning to everything
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Concept
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A mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form
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Variable
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Concept whose value changes from case to case
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Reliability
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Consistancy in measurement - repeated
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Validity
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Precision in measuring exactly what one intends to measure
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Spurious correlation
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A correlation occuring because of a third factor
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Interpretive Sociology
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The study of society that focuses on the meaning people attach to their social world
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Critical Sociology
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The study of society that focuses on the need for social change
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Androcentricity
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Means acting as if only the actions of men are important
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Culture
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Values, belieds, behavior and material objects that together form people's way of life
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Society
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People who interact in a defined territory and share culture
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Culture Shock
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Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
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Symbols
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Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
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Sapir-Whorf Thesis
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Each symbolic system is at least partly unique wiith words if expressions that have no precise counterpart in another symbolic system - people perceive the world through their culture lens of language
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Values
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Culturlly defined standards by which people access desirability, goodness an beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
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Beliefs
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Specific staements that people hold to be true - abstract standards of goodness
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Norms
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Rules and expestations by which a society guides teh behavior of its members
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Mores
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Norms taht are widly observes and have great moral significance
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Folkways
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Norms for routine or causual interaction
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Technology
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Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroudings
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Horticulture
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The use of hand tools to raise crops
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Pastoralism
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The domestication of animals
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Industry
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Production of goods using advances sources of energy to drive large machinery
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High Culture
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Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
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Popular Culture
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cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
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Subculture
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Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population
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Multiculturalism
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An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the united states and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions
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Countercultural
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Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
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Cultural Integration
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The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
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Cultural lag
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the fact that come cultural elements change more quickly than others, which may disrupt a cultural system
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Cultural Relativism
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The practice of evaluationg a culture by its own standards
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Cultural Universals
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Traits that are part of every known culture
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Sociobiology
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A theoretical paradign that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
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Socialization
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Lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture
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Personality
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A person's fairly consistant patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling
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Id
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The human being's basic drives - which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction
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Ego
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A person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
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Superego
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Culturaln values and norms internalized by an individual - tells us why we can't have what we want
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Peer group
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A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
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Anticipatory Socialization
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Learning the helps a person achieve a desired position
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Gerontology
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The study of aging and the elderly
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Gerontocracy
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A form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power and prestige
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Ageism
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Prejudice and discrimination against the elderly
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Cohort
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A category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age
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Total institution
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A setting in which people are isolated from the rst of society and manipulated by an administractive staff
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Resocialization
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Redically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment
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Social Interaction
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The process by which people act and react in relation to others
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Status
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A social position that an individual occupies
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Status set
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all the statuses a person holds at a given time
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Ascribed status
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a social position a person receives at birth or assumes involuntariy later in life
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Acheived status
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A social position a persom assumes voluntarily that reflects peraonl ability and effort
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Master status
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A status that has special important for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life - like occupation
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Role
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Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
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Role set
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A number of roles attached to a single status
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Role conflict
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Conflict between roles corresponding to two or more statuses - like being a woker and a mother
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Role strain
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Tension between roles connected to a sigle status - like a manager who wants to befriend employees but still be boss
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Social construction of reality
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Process by which people creatively shape reality through social interation
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Thomas Theorem
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Situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences - if you act a certain way you become it
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Ethnomethodology
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The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
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Dramaturgical Analysis
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The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance - Goffman
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Presentation of Self
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An individual's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
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Nonverbal communication
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Communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
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Demeanor
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General conduct or deportment
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Tact
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"Saving face" after an embarassing moment
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6 basic emotions
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Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise
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Social Group
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2 or more people who identify and interact with one another
Families, church groups, clubs |
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Primary Group
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Small social group whose members share personl and enduring relationships
Family |
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Secondary Group
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A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
Tend to be united by common goal |
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Instrumental leadership
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Group leadership that emphaizes the completion of tasks
Get respect |
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Expressive leadership
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Group leadership that focuses on collective well-being - want to raise group morale as apposed to reaching goal
Get affection |
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Stanly Milgram
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Line thing & electric shock
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Solomon Asch
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Line thing-group conformity, with Milgrim
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Group think
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The tendency of group members to confrom, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
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Reference Group
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A social group that serves as a pont of reference in making evaluations and decisions
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Ingroup
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A social grup commanding a member's esteem and loyalty
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OUtgroup
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A scial group toward which one feels competition or opposition
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Dyad
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A social group with two members
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Triad
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A social group with three members - more stable than dyad because one member can act a mediator
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Network
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A web of weak social ties
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Formal organizations
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Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently
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Tradition
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Sentiments and beliefs passed from generation to generation
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Rationality
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Deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task
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Reationalization
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Change from traditional to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought
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Bureaucracy
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Organizational model rationally designed to perfrom tasks effiviently - Weber
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Organizational Environment
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Factors outside the organization that affect its operation - like technology, economic and political trends
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Bureaucratic ritualism
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A preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of thwarting an organizations goals
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Oligarchy
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The rule of the many by the few
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McDonalization
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Efficiency, Calculability, unifromity and predictability, control through automation
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Sociological Pertspective allows us
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to see the general in the particular, the strange in the familiar, individuality in social context
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Benefits of sociological perspective
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Helps us assess truth of common sense
Helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives Empowers us to be active participants in our society Helps use to live in a diverse world |
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3 Major social changes during the 17th and 18th century
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1.) Industrial revolution
2.) Urbanization in Europe 3.) Rise of bourgeoisie |
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The goal of sociology
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Explain social behavior in the real world
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EMile Durkheim
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Founder of Structural-functional Paradign
Society is a complex system whose parts work together - social structures - a relatively stable pattern of social behavior |
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Weakeness of Structural-Functional Paradign
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Focus on stability, often ignores inequalities - can't explain change
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Strenghts of Structural-Functional Paradign
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Recongnizes the complexity and interdependency of social systems
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Social-Conflict Paradign
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Karl Marx - Inequalities
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Weaknesses of social conflict
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Ignores social unity and stability
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Symbolic-Interaction Paradign
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Society is the product of the everyday interactions of individuals - focuses on patterns of social interaction in specific settings, symbolic nature of human behavior - micro level
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Rigorous scientific research helps us to be
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Objective, increase credibility and allows others to check our results
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Measurement
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A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
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Critical Sociology
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Focuses on the need for social change and on power
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Max Weber
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The proper focus of sociology is interpretation
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Interpretive Sociology
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The study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world
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Secondary Analysis
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A researcher uses data collected by others - huge data sets are avaiable
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Content Analysis
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A research method based on the analysis of written documents
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Components of Culture
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1.) Symbols
2.) Language 3.) Values 4.) Beliefs 5.) Norms |
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Cultural Transmission
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The process by which one generation passes culture to the next
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Sapir-Whorf Theses
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People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language
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Popular Culture
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Cuts out a subset of population
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Cultural Integration
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The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
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Ethnocentrism
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The practice of judging another cutlure by the standards of one's own culture
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Cultural relativism
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The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standard
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Cultural Aspect of structural-functional paradign
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Culture is a complex strategy for meeting human needs
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Culture aspect of social-conflict paradign
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Many cultural traits function to the advantage of some and the disadvantage of others
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Who studied isolation in monkeys!?
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Harry and Margaret Harlow
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The Self
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The part in the individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
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Peer groups
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Social groups whose members have interests, social positions and ages in common
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Mass media
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Impersonal communications aimed at a vast audience
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Social interaction
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The process by which people act and react to others
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Master Status
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A status that has special importanace for social identity, like occupation, gender, age
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Social construction of reality
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the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
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Ethnomethodology
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The study of teh way people made sense of their everyday surroundings
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Goffman
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We're like actors on a stage
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Dramaturgical Analysis
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The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
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Category
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People who share a status
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Crowd
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A collection of people in the same place at the same time
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Janis's research
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We tend to surround ourselves with people who share similar opinsions - problems with US foreign policy
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Large groups turn
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Inward
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Heterogenenous groups turn
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Outward
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Traits of a bureaucracy
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Specialization, hierarchy of offices, rules and reguatlations, technical competence, impersonality, formal, written communication
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