Sociologists

Front 1

murdock

Back 1

families are a universal institution that is essential for individuals and societies.

Front 2

Gough

Back 2

Nayar tribe. Women had several 'visiting husbands' and lived in polygyny so this society did not possess a family. AGAINST MURDOCK

Front 3

oakley

Back 3

Marketing and adverts often tries to sell products to what it sees as a 'typical family'

Front 4

Leech

Back 4

cereal packet image of a family (nuclear family)

Front 5

Smart

Back 5

argues that the monogamous, married couple is still viewed as the core element for achieving a stable society

Front 6

Young and Willmott

Back 6

Found that there was a strong bond between married daughters and their mothers, who often lived close together/under the same roof.

Front 7

Young and willmott

Back 7

'symmetrical family' - traditional segregated division of labour in the home is breaking down.

Front 8

Willmott

Back 8

'modified extended family' - even when people did not live close to their extended family, there was still a lot of contact and support between family members.

Front 9

finch

Back 9

Five types of support from the extended family:

economic, accommodation,personal care, practical and emotional support

Front 10

Mcglone et al

Back 10

Used evidence from the British social attitudes survey to conclude that contact between extended family members is still frequent.

Front 11

Rapoports

Back 11

five distinct elements of family diversity in Britain: Organisational, cultural, class, lifecycle and cohort diversity.

Front 12

Allan and crowe

Back 12

There is no longer a clear 'family cycle' that people pass through.

Front 13

Allan and crowe

Back 13

The dynamics of reconstituted families have the potential to become particularly complicated.

Front 14

Murray - NEW RIGHT

Back 14

Increase in single parenthood is partly to blame for the growing underclass.

Front 15

Dennis and erdos - NEW RIGHT

Back 15

Boys without fathers grow up without the

restraints on their behaviour that a father would impose so do less well in school and are more likely to gain a criminal record.

Front 16

Feminists

Back 16

Any social problem associated with children from single parent families are more likely to be linked to poverty.

Front 17

Brannen

Back 17

States that contemporary families are characterised by beanpole families.

Front 18

Platt

Back 18

One in ten children in the UK lives in a mixed race family.

Front 19

Berthoud and beishon

Back 19

There is a tendency for British south asians particularly Pakistanis and Bangladeshis to get married earlier to their white equivalents.

Front 20

Weeks et al

Back 20

The increase in openly gay and lesbian households and families contribute to the increase in diversity.

Front 21

Rosneil

Back 21

suggests that the development of 'chosen families' is partly due to the breakdown of the 'hetronorm'.

Front 22

Gottman

Back 22

Having lesbian parents does not affect a child's sexual orientation.

Front 23

Dunne

Back 23

Argues that children brought up by homosexuals are more likely to be tolerant and see sharing and equality as important features or their relationships with others.

Front 24

Postmodernists

Back 24

Support the view that families in the UK are diverse. The variation in family types is normal ; there is no longer a dominant family type as people have more choice.

Front 25

Rapoports

Back 25

They argue that traditional family life has declined and replaced with a variety of family forms. People can choose household arrangements and the nuclear family is just one type of household.

Front 26

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

Back 26

Postmodern family life is characterised by diversity, variation and instability. Such diversity has led to renegotiation of family relationships. People now attempt to find a middle ground between individualisation and commitment to another person/children.

Front 27

Giddens

Back 27

Major changes have taken place in intimate relationships between people.

Plastic sexuality - sex is freed from childbirth.

confluent love - based on intimacy, closeness and emotion. No longer put up with empty shell, can leave if not satisfied

Front 28

Stacey

Back 28

Society will have to adapt to cope with greater variety and uncertainty in family life.

The postmodern family creates a certain degree of unsettling uncertainty however it's an opportunity to develop a more egalitarian and more democratic family relationships.

Front 29

New right

Back 29

The nuclear family is the ideal family type and are critical of other types of family and family diversity generally.

Front 30

Dennis and erdos - NEW RIGHT

Back 30

From a study in Newcastle of 1000 children (1947) it showed a greater statistical chance of poor physical health, low IQ and a criminal record if children were in a non fathered or poorly fathered group.

Front 31

Morgan - NEW RIGHT

Back 31

- of all children taken into care in England two thirds are from single parent households.

- children living in step families are more likely to develop behaviour issues and perform less well at school.

- children from single parent families also have lower vocabulary skills and are more likely to be involved in delinquency.

Front 32

phillips

Back 32

Family life is in decline due to a 'flight from parenting'.

Front 33

Chester

Back 33

found that many features of family life have remained relatively stable since WW2. Statistics can be misleading on diversity and the nuclear family is still dominant.

Front 34

Allan and crowe

Back 34

focus of marriage is now on the relationship and on high expectation fulfillment and happiness. If not met then they will try again with someone else.

Front 35

Gibson

Back 35

marriage has become less of a sacred, spiritual union and more a personal and practical commitment which can be abandoned it if fails.

Front 36

Wilkinson

Back 36

attitudes have undergone a 'genderquake'. Educational opportunities and feminisation of the economy have resulted in women becoming more financially independent.

Front 37

Allan and crowe

Back 37

Divorce leads to the increase in single parent families. This reflects the diversity and individual choice which was far less pronounced in previous years.

Front 38

Robinson

Back 38

Women are more likely to win custody of the children therefore take on the main caring responsibilities and being single parents.

Front 39

chandler et al

Back 39

Divorce leads to more single person households. Women are more likely to remain living with their children.

Front 40

De'ath and slater

Back 40

Number of challenges from reconstituted families. E.g tense relationships, difficulty asserting dominance.

Front 41

Sharpe

Back 41

Change in attitudes.

1970s - love, marriage, husband, children

1990s - jobs, careers

Front 42

Smart and stevens

Back 42

couples use cohabitation as a test of their own and partners commitment.

Front 43

chandler

Back 43

cohabitation is a long term alternative

Front 44

o'connell

Back 44

Influence of celebrity culture and media exposes of celebrity weddings have made them seem prohibitively expensive.

Front 45

Barlow et al

Back 45

more people view having children without getting married as more acceptable.

Front 46

Morgan

Back 46

cohabitation represents an increase in the number of sexual partners and the frequency of partner change. more likely to split up.

Front 47

clarke and warren

Back 47

older generation can still be alive and physically fit - active ageing.

Front 48

Hantrais

Back 48

First births are likely to occur as woman approach 30. Have children in a tighter timespan and 'voluntary childlessness'

Front 49

Mcallister and clarke

Back 49

women and men who remain childless felt they had made a positive decision. It's a low status occupation.

Front 50

williams

Back 50

the charity day care trust (2004) survey showed childcare costs had risen to nearly a quarter of the average household income.

Front 51

Mcglone et al

Back 51

in the 1990s extended families helped with practical, emotional and economic support.

Front 52

Phillipson and downs

Back 52

children and grandchildren saw their elderly relatives on a frequent basis.

Front 53

Ross et al

Back 53

grandparents spoke positively about becoming grandparents. help the family.

Front 54

grundy and henretta

Back 54

sandwich generation

Front 55

Murdock - FUNCTIONALIST

Back 55

family has four main functions : sexual, reproductive, economic and educational.

Front 56

Parsons - FUNCTIONALIST

Back 56

Family has two basic and irreducible functions :

primary socialisation of children, stabilisation of adult personalities.

Front 57

fletcher - FUNCTIONALIST

Back 57

Family's functions have increased in detail and importance. E.G school have improved the functions of the family rather than superseded them.

Front 58

engles - MARXIST

Back 58

exploitation of women in families started at the same time as capitalism.

women came to be regarded as dependents whose main purpose was to produce legitimate heirs and be domestic servants.

Front 59

Zaretsky

Back 59

Family is used as an ideological state apparatus to promote capitalist interests.

Front 60

Delphi and leonard

Back 60

The family is an economic system which men benefit from and exploit the work of women and sometimes their children.

Front 61

Millett

Back 61

Patriarchy remains in families because of ideology.

men and women are socialised into a set of ideas which confirm male power through gender role socialisation as children.

The family legitimises violence against women.

Front 62

Oakley

Back 62

Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations, differentiated activities.

Front 63

Somerville

Back 63

There are still inequalities within family life despite some progress.

Front 64

duncombe and marsden

Back 64

triple shift.

Front 65

Ansley

Back 65

traditional housewife role is to act as a 'safety valve' for husband.

Front 66

Benston

Back 66

most family relationships benefits capitalism and men.

Front 68

bernard

Back 68

men gain more from marriage than women.

Front 69

Miriees black

Back 69

women most victims

99% incidents committed by men

nearly 1/4 women assaulted by partner

Front 70

Dobash and dobash

Back 70

violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority.

Front 71

wilkinson

Back 71

domestic violence is a result of stress on family members caused by social inequality.

Front 72

sclater

Back 72

other forms such as verbal abuse, threats and sexual intimidation are harder to categorise and recognise.

Front 73

Oakley

Back 73

young an willmott exaggerated the extent of mens involvement in the home.

Women have a double burden

Front 74

Lader et al

Back 74

women in paid work = 21 hours a week housework

men in paid work = 12 hours

Front 75

Mckee and bell

Back 75

unemployed men found it degrading to do housework and be kept by their wives.

Front 76

Edgell

Back 76

women dominated decisions around interior design, domestic spending and children's clothes whereas men around moving house, finance and the car.

Front 77

Pahl

Back 77

most common form of money management is where money was shared but the husband had more control over how it's spent.

Front 78

dermott

Back 78

demise in the 'breadwinner' father role which has been replaced with the 'intimate father role.'

Front 79

Burghes

Back 79

fathers are taking an increasingly active role in the development of their children.

Front 80

Gatrell

Back 80

women moving into the workplace and gaining financial independence has resulted in children becoming a focus of power among couples.

Front 81

grey

Back 81

men would like to spend more time with their children but work hours prevent bonding effectively.

Front 82

aries

Back 82

the whole idea of childhood is modern. It didn't exist in medieval times.

Front 83

jenks

Back 83

parenting has become more child centred.

Front 84

postman

Back 84

childhood no longer exists as a distinct stage in the life course.

Front 85

palmer

Back 85

children are being deprived of a traditional childhood and family life.

Front 86

Gershuny

Back 86

the quality of parenting has significantly improved compared to the past.