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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Durkheim- crime is ..

A normal part of all healthy societies

Merton- deviance is a result of

Strain between goals a culture sets and what the structure of society allows them to achieve a.l

A.k Cohen - wc boys fall into anomie in education system because..

They lack skills to achieve> status frustration> create subculture

Cloward and ohlin - 3 subcultures

Criminal- adult criminals train youths into lifestyle


Conflict- gangs offer only stability in high population turnover


Retreatist- those who fail legit and illegitimately turn to drug use

Lea+Young (LR) - 3 causes of crime

Relative deprivation- how deprived they feel in relation to others


Subculture- groups solution to problem of relative deprivation


Marginalisation- umemployed youths are marginalised and this frustration leads to criminal means

LR solutions to crime

Democratic policing and reducing inequality

Right Realists- 3 causes of crime

Inadequate socialisation


Biological differences- Wilson= crime was caused by social and biological factors


Rational choice theory- Crime is a choice based on calculations of consequences

Felson- routine activity theory

For a crime to occur there must be a motivated offender, suitable target and no capable guardian

RR- solutions to crime

Zero tolerance policing and..

RR- Wilson and Kelling- solutions to crime

Neighbourhoods must be kept orderly to prevent crime broken window theory

Chambliss- ruling class crime

Few laws challenge unequal distribution of wealth

Reiman - selective enforcement

Crimes of powerful much less likely to be prosecuted

Durkheim- 2 types of justice

Retributive justice - traditional society society has collective conscience so punishment harsh.


Restorative justice- modern society strong sense of independence so repair damage through compensation (community service)

Labelling theorist- Becker

Social groups create deviance by creating + applying rules to people, they are then labelled 'outsiders'

Cicourel- typifications

Police use stereotypes (typifications) of typical delinquents so WC more likely to be arrested

Lements - labelling

Labelling people as deviant encourages them to become more so= secondary deviance

Young- study of marajuana users

Police persecution of hippies as junkies pushed them into closed group led to more serious drug use

Cohen- folk devils- deviancy amplification spiral

Media exaggerates> public concern grows> call for crackdown> youths demonised and therefore commit more crime (ex. Mods and rockers)

How many victims of sexual assault tell nobody?

40%

feeley+Simon - contemporary social control

actuarialism- stress of social control has changed from controlling deviant behaviour to controlling potentially deviant people

Rusche- Marxist approacj

Law and punishment reflect ruling class interests

Reiner- 3 ways of categorising police discretion

Individualistic- police have own discretion, concerns and interests


Cultural- have specific occupational culture (taught to discriminate and isolated from public)


Structural- very structure of law is biased in favour of police officers

What percent of prisoners are unemployed

55%

Herman- state crimes

We should label acts as criminal if they go against human rights

Cohen- state crime

Some acts are legal even though we think they're immoral (mag thatchers poll tax)

Cohen- spiral of denial

>state claims there was no massacre


> state says it not how it looks


> try and justify their behaviour

Matza- neutralisation theory

>denial of victim


>denial of responsibility


>denial of injury


>appeal to higher loyalty

Kelman+ Hamilton (3 features that produce crimes of obedience)

Authorisation


Routinisation


Dehumanisation


(Ex. SS guard at nazi camp)

Hobbs- 'global organisation'

Crime is rooted locally but crime trades still have global links

Taylor- globalisation+ crime

Globalisation has led to changes in crime, created crime at both supply and demand countries

South- two types of green crime

Primary result from destruction of earths resources (deforestation)


Secondary grows out of path of stopping environmental crime (disposal on nuclear waste)

Beck- green crime

Global risk society - improvements of tech have created new manufactured risks

Edgework- gender and crime

(Not person) Much crime is committed because of thrill of getting away with it (similar to gambling)

Messerschmidt- gender and crime

Men want dominant hegemonic masculinity, wc and ethnic minorities can't achieve this so go to crime

How much less likely are women jailed compared to men

1/3

How many rape cases end up with conviction?

3%

Popper (criticise hypo deductive mod)

Questioned logic, we should look for evidence to prove hypothesis wrong, no such thing as objective truth

Popper- 999 white swans

Society is always changing, can't predict or assume things about future

Feyerabend and kaplan

Critical of positivists+popper they seem too rational, most discoveries made by accident

Sayer- scientific realism

Many sciences theorize about existance of phenomena that are impossible to observe