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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Durkheim- crime is .. |
A normal part of all healthy societies |
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Merton- deviance is a result of |
Strain between goals a culture sets and what the structure of society allows them to achieve a.l |
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A.k Cohen - wc boys fall into anomie in education system because.. |
They lack skills to achieve> status frustration> create subculture |
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Cloward and ohlin - 3 subcultures |
Criminal- adult criminals train youths into lifestyle Conflict- gangs offer only stability in high population turnover Retreatist- those who fail legit and illegitimately turn to drug use |
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Lea+Young (LR) - 3 causes of crime |
Relative deprivation- how deprived they feel in relation to others Subculture- groups solution to problem of relative deprivation Marginalisation- umemployed youths are marginalised and this frustration leads to criminal means |
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LR solutions to crime |
Democratic policing and reducing inequality |
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Right Realists- 3 causes of crime |
Inadequate socialisation Biological differences- Wilson= crime was caused by social and biological factors Rational choice theory- Crime is a choice based on calculations of consequences |
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Felson- routine activity theory |
For a crime to occur there must be a motivated offender, suitable target and no capable guardian |
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RR- solutions to crime |
Zero tolerance policing and.. |
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RR- Wilson and Kelling- solutions to crime |
Neighbourhoods must be kept orderly to prevent crime broken window theory |
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Chambliss- ruling class crime |
Few laws challenge unequal distribution of wealth |
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Reiman - selective enforcement |
Crimes of powerful much less likely to be prosecuted |
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Durkheim- 2 types of justice |
Retributive justice - traditional society society has collective conscience so punishment harsh. Restorative justice- modern society strong sense of independence so repair damage through compensation (community service) |
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Labelling theorist- Becker |
Social groups create deviance by creating + applying rules to people, they are then labelled 'outsiders' |
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Cicourel- typifications |
Police use stereotypes (typifications) of typical delinquents so WC more likely to be arrested |
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Lements - labelling |
Labelling people as deviant encourages them to become more so= secondary deviance |
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Young- study of marajuana users |
Police persecution of hippies as junkies pushed them into closed group led to more serious drug use |
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Cohen- folk devils- deviancy amplification spiral |
Media exaggerates> public concern grows> call for crackdown> youths demonised and therefore commit more crime (ex. Mods and rockers) |
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How many victims of sexual assault tell nobody? |
40% |
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feeley+Simon - contemporary social control |
actuarialism- stress of social control has changed from controlling deviant behaviour to controlling potentially deviant people |
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Rusche- Marxist approacj |
Law and punishment reflect ruling class interests |
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Reiner- 3 ways of categorising police discretion |
Individualistic- police have own discretion, concerns and interests Cultural- have specific occupational culture (taught to discriminate and isolated from public) Structural- very structure of law is biased in favour of police officers |
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What percent of prisoners are unemployed |
55% |
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Herman- state crimes |
We should label acts as criminal if they go against human rights |
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Cohen- state crime |
Some acts are legal even though we think they're immoral (mag thatchers poll tax) |
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Cohen- spiral of denial |
>state claims there was no massacre > state says it not how it looks > try and justify their behaviour |
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Matza- neutralisation theory |
>denial of victim >denial of responsibility >denial of injury >appeal to higher loyalty |
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Kelman+ Hamilton (3 features that produce crimes of obedience) |
Authorisation Routinisation Dehumanisation (Ex. SS guard at nazi camp) |
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Hobbs- 'global organisation' |
Crime is rooted locally but crime trades still have global links |
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Taylor- globalisation+ crime |
Globalisation has led to changes in crime, created crime at both supply and demand countries |
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South- two types of green crime |
Primary result from destruction of earths resources (deforestation) Secondary grows out of path of stopping environmental crime (disposal on nuclear waste) |
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Beck- green crime |
Global risk society - improvements of tech have created new manufactured risks |
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Edgework- gender and crime |
(Not person) Much crime is committed because of thrill of getting away with it (similar to gambling) |
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Messerschmidt- gender and crime |
Men want dominant hegemonic masculinity, wc and ethnic minorities can't achieve this so go to crime |
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How much less likely are women jailed compared to men |
1/3 |
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How many rape cases end up with conviction? |
3% |
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Popper (criticise hypo deductive mod) |
Questioned logic, we should look for evidence to prove hypothesis wrong, no such thing as objective truth |
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Popper- 999 white swans |
Society is always changing, can't predict or assume things about future |
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Feyerabend and kaplan |
Critical of positivists+popper they seem too rational, most discoveries made by accident |
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Sayer- scientific realism |
Many sciences theorize about existance of phenomena that are impossible to observe |