Sociological Perspectives

Front 1

task-oriented labor

Back 1

one works a job util he or she has acomplished the undertaking

Front 2

time-oriented labor

Back 2

work is measured by the amount of time workes spend laboring at a task

Front 3

culture

Back 3

everything learned and used by members of a society

Front 4

structure

Back 4

organization and relation between components in soiety

Front 5

meritocracy

Back 5

people riese and fall in the system according to their individual merits

Front 6

capital

Back 6

anything that can be traded for financial value

Front 7

economic capital

Back 7

comprises existing monetar assests or tangible posessions.

Front 8

social capital

Back 8

comprises of networks of relationships that can be mobilized for economic gain

Front 9

cultural capital

Back 9

consits of the ability to interact in a manner that is customary to the more privileged members in society.

Front 10

total institutions

Back 10

self-contained societies that are designed to service all the needs of the people residing withing their boundaries.

Front 11

level of analysis

Back 11

to limit the range and complexity of the observatins to be examined

Front 12

microlevel analysis

Back 12

study of face-to-face interaction because it occurs between the most fundamental elements of society- people

Front 13

macrolevel analysis

Back 13

designed to examine the workings of entire societies and requires linking organizations and individual experience with the larger social order

Front 14

perspectives

Back 14

points of view or lenses that guide our perceptions of reality

Front 15

symbolic interactionism

Back 15

theory largely attributed to the teachings of George Hrbert Mead- examins the dynamics of face-to-face encounters in order to explain social interaction

Front 16

speration phase

Back 16

a brief period when a large pool of potential candidates becomes reduced to a select few

Front 17

transition phase

Back 17

a status shift, when the candidates can no longer consider themselves members either

Front 18

incorporation phase

Back 18

where the individuals' status officially changes to full membership in the group

Front 19

symbolic interacionism

Back 19

a way of linking a number os sociological studies into a theretical whole

Front 20

Thomas theorem

Back 20

if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

Front 21

packaging

Back 21

the systematic linking of symbols and objects together in such a way that perceptions are shaped and managed.

Front 22

material self

Back 22

constituted by the tangible objects that represent who we are as individuals

Front 23

social self

Back 23

comprises the set of relations we have with other people

Front 24

greedy organizations

Back 24

groups that set up strong boundaries between members and nonmembers, as well as place strong demands on members' time and loyalty

Front 25

looking-glass self

Back 25

a metaphor suggesting that we see ourselves reflected n the responses others make towards you

Front 26

stratification

Back 26

layering the society into levels of social hierarchy that confer social status, power, or economic reward

Front 27

social mobility

Back 27

movement of a person from one level in the stratification system to a higher or lower level

Front 28

caste societies

Back 28

social mobility was greatly restricted because one's position was ascribed at birth

Front 29

class societies

Back 29

the positio a person occupies in eh economy has a great influence on his/her potential of achieving upward mobility

Front 30

glass ceiling

Back 30

the invisible barrier to ahieving the highest levels of accomplishmnt

Front 31

socially constructed

Back 31

social factors outside of some type of unchangeable genetic predisposition

Front 32

socialization

Back 32

process through which people gin and underswtanding of their roles in cosiety in relation to everyone else

Front 33

agents of socializaiton

Back 33

teach people to conform to these social expectations

Front 34

primary groups

Back 34

people with whom individuals have close personal relationships, such as friends and family

Front 35

secondary groups

Back 35

people with whom individuals have face-to-face relationships, but there relaiohships are less personal nature an doften are of shorter duration

Front 36

normative alternatives theory

Back 36

men and women are socialized to use different yardsticks to meaure their success

Front 37

deconstruct

Back 37

to tear a cultural product apart in order to examine the assumptions and symbols that its foundation comprises.

Front 38

discrimination

Back 38

subordanite groups are denied access tot eh types of rewards and resources open to dominant groups

Front 39

intentional discrimination

Back 39

members of society make decisions to deprive other members of equitable rights and privileges

Front 40

prejudice

Back 40

preexisting beliefs about individuals because of thei rmembership in a particular social group

Front 41

unintentional discrimination

Back 41

behavours that deny fair and equitable treatment, emanating from dispositins that are not necessarily accompanied by ill will or malice on the part of the oppressor

Front 42

statistical discrimination

Back 42

making predictions of productivity of individuals based upon their knowledge of the social group's characteristics

Front 43

institutional discrimination

Back 43

occrs through the familiar operations of society and it is embedded in teh ruels and norms that ugide organizations

Front 44

coparable worth

Back 44

a way of conceptualizing how much an occupation should ideally pay by compring that job to other occupations with similar demands.

Front 45

affirmative action

Back 45

means of overcoming institutionalized discrimination

Front 46

unintentional discrimination

Back 46

behavours that deny fair and equitable treatment, emanating from dispositins that are not necessarily accompanied by ill will or malice on the part of the oppressor

Front 47

statistical discrimination

Back 47

making predictions of productivity of individuals based upon their knowledge of the social group's characteristics

Front 48

institutional discrimination

Back 48

occrs through the familiar operations of society and it is embedded in teh ruels and norms that ugide organizations

Front 49

coparable worth

Back 49

a way of conceptualizing how much an occupation should ideally pay by compring that job to other occupations with similar demands.

Front 50

affirmative action

Back 50

means of overcoming institutionalized discrimination

Front 51

Stratification

Back 51

the layering of society into levels of social hierarchy that confer social status, power, or economic reward.

Front 52

social mobility

Back 52

the movement of a person from one level in the stratification system to a higher or lower lever

Front 53

class societies

Back 53

the position a person occupes in the economy has a great influence on his/her potential of achieving upward mobility

Front 54

glass ceiling

Back 54

the invisable barrier to achieving the highest levels of accomplishments

Front 55

socialization

Back 55

the process through which people gain an understanding of their roles in society in relation to everyone else

Front 56

informal socialization

Back 56

subtle gestures or cues that other people send to boys and girls to behave in accordance with their gender roles

Front 57

agents of socialization

Back 57

teach people to conform to these social expectations

Front 58

what are the three agents of socialization?

Back 58

primary groups, secondary groups, and the mass media

Front 59

priimary groups

Back 59

people with whom the individuals have a close personal relationships, such as familly and friends

Front 60

secondary groups

Back 60

people with whom individuals have face-to-face relationships are of a less personal nature and often are of shorter duration

Front 61

normative alternatives theory

Back 61

men and women are socialized to use different yardsticks to measure their success

Front 62

deconstruct

Back 62

to tear a cultural product apart in order to examine the assumptions and symbols that its foundation comprises.

Front 63

discrimination

Back 63

subordinate groups are denied access to the types of rewards and resources open to dominant groups

Front 64

intentional discrimnation

Back 64

occurs because members of society make decisions to deprive other members of equitable rights and privileges

Front 65

prejuduce

Back 65

preexistiing bliefs about individuals because of their membership in a particular social group

Front 66

unintentional discimination

Back 66

behaviors that deny fair and equitable treatment, emanating from dispositions that are not necessarily accompanied by il will or malice on the part of the oppressor

Front 67

statistical discrimination

Back 67

making predictions of productivity of individuals based upon their knowledge of the social group's characteristics.

Front 68

institutional discrimination

Back 68

occurs through the familiar operations of society, and it is embedded in the rules and norms that guide organizations

Front 69

comparable wort

Back 69

a way of conceptualizing how much an occupation should ideally pay by coomparing that job to other ccupatinos with similar demands

Front 70

affirmative action

Back 70

programs that were introduced s a means of overcoming institutionlized discrimination