Society And Health

Front 1

Sex

Back 1

Anatomical or Chromosomal categories of male or female

Front 2

Gender

Back 2

People's socially acquired physiological and cultural characteristics

Front 3

Women only Health problems

Back 3

Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Menopausal/menstural problems, clildbirth complications

Front 4

Male only health problems

Back 4

Prostate cancer, Early onset heart disease

Front 5

Sociocultural risks for women

Back 5

Rape, infanticide, domestic violence, contraception, Agoraphobia, Depression, Abortion

Front 6

Sociocultural risks for men

Back 6

Alcohol abuse, tobacco smoking, accidents, suicide

Front 7

Gender differences in diet

Back 7

Women eat more healthily than men

Front 8

Gender differences in excercise

Back 8

Women and men exercise differently

Front 9

Gender differences in obesity

Back 9

More obese women than men but men have more central fat so greater CVD risk

Front 10

Race

Back 10

Biological division of a species into groups- the frequency with which certain hereditary traits appear among its members

Front 11

Issue with race definition

Back 11

Humans have 99% same traits- hard to ascribe to a racial group

Front 12

Ethnicity

Back 12

Social division of people into groups based on identification with shared cultural characteristics e.g. food, language, religion. It is a situational definition

Front 13

Ethnic minorities

Back 13

Lower employment rates and low pay work

Front 14

Racial discrimination

Back 14

Linked to mental health and hypertension directly. Also linked to employment, education and housing which all affect health.

Front 15

Access to healthcare and race

Back 15

Racial minorities have higher G.P. consultation rates

Front 16

Pharmacogenetics

Back 16

Greater drug efficacy and safety for individuals ad racial groups

Front 17

Felt Stigma

Back 17

Internal stigma

Front 18

Enacted stigma

Back 18

Stigma from others

Front 19

Formative childhood experiences making people more prone to shame

Back 19

Bullying, Abuse, Neglect, Parental divorce, economic background, Parental pressure

Front 20

Social and political factors making people more prone to shame

Back 20

Link to terrorism, media portrayal, effect of pity, cultural systems by association

Front 21

Presenting features of shame

Back 21

Covering face, looking away, avoiding eye contact, apologizing for illness, downplaying symptoms, good appearence

Front 22

Allostatic load

Back 22

The wear and tear the body experiences due to repeated cycles of allostasis and due to inefficient turning on and off of responses

Front 23

Allostasis

Back 23

Adaption in the face of potentially stressful challenges- maintaining stability through change and secretion of cortisol

Front 24

cascade

Back 24

Predisposition to over react to situations due to early life events

Front 25

Marxist concept of class

Back 25

Those who control production and own means of production are the 'bourgeoisie'.

Those who must sell their labor power are the wage workers or 'proletariat'.

Class antagonism-war between classes

Front 26

Bordieu concept of class

Back 26

How you choose to present your social space to the world determines your class. Each class faction teaches their aesthetic preferences to their offspring. Children internalise these preferences and this guides them to their appropriate social positions. The class factions depend on social, economic and culural capitol

Front 27

WHO definition of health

Back 27

Complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease.

Front 28

Issue with WHO definition of health

Back 28

Utopian ideal, not obtainable

Front 29

BMJ definition of health

Back 29

The ability to adapt and self manage

Front 30

Biomedical definition of health

Back 30

The absence of disease

Front 31

Determinants of health

Back 31

General socioeconomic conditions; working, cultural and environmental (employment, money etc. )conditions; Individual lifestyle; Age; Sex; Hereditary factors; Relationships; Social conditions and Living and working conditions.

Front 32

Disease

Back 32

'Biological'. Categories or concepts with which doctors attempt to understand and control illness.

Front 33

Illness

Back 33

'Psychological'. The subjective state involving the experience of symptoms.

Front 34

Sickness

Back 34

'Social'. A social performance which may be legitimate and elicits responses from others. It is what you do when you're ill and is what can be observed by others.

Front 35

The sick role

Back 35

Illness is a deviance from the social norm.

It identifies 2 roles: Exception from normal social role; Removal of responsibility for one's own state.

It identifies 2 responsibilities: To want to get better speedily; To consult medical professional.

Front 36

Qualification to be a refugee

Back 36

Eligible if have a well founded fear of persecution due to religion, race, nationality, membership of a social group (eg. homosexual) or political opinion. The state is persecuting you or cannot protect you.

Front 37

Asylum Seeker

Back 37

Somebody who has requested protection from the state that they are living in.

Front 38

Refugee

Back 38

Somebody who has applied to another state for protection. That state has recognised their need for protection.

Front 39

Migrant

Back 39

Someone who has left their country of origin for a new country.

Front 40

Undocumented migrant

Back 40

For example: someone who entered the country without papers; someone who arrived on a student visa but didn't leave

Front 41

Illegal Immigrant

Back 41

Non specific definition. No chance to resolve situation.

Front 42

Economic migrant

Back 42

Someone who has emigrated only for employment purposes.

Front 43

Health tourist

Back 43

Someone who comes to the UK for free healthcare on the NHS. There is no solid evidence how much this takes place.

Front 44

Co-designing healthcare

Back 44

Planning of services by the doctor and patient.

Front 45

Co-decision making

Back 45

Allocation of resources by both doctor and patient.

Front 46

Patient leader

Back 46

Those patients, users and carers who have capability and confidence to influence change. Their purpose is to improve health and well being in the community.

Front 47

Barriers to healthcare for homeless people

Back 47

GP registration policies, discrimination/attitudes, formal environment difficult, communication difficulties

Front 48

Inverse Care Law

Back 48

More deprived area = worse health care

Front 49

Social determinants of health

Back 49

Early childhood development, How much education the person has, Ability to get and keep job, what kind of job a person has, food/ability to get food, access to health services, housing status, earnings, discrimination and social support.

Front 50

WHO definition of social determinants of health

Back 50

The conditions in which people are born, live, grow, work and age

Front 51

Health inequalities

Back 51

Avoidable inequalities in health between groups f people within countries and between countries

Front 52

Position in hierachy consequences

Back 52

Low position = long term chronic stress= altered physiological responses e.g. symatho-adrenal pathway; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Blood clotting systems; Inflammation and Immunity

Front 53

Interventions to improve health

Back 53

Increased health inequalities