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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was James Douglas and what were his contributions to BC?
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- first governor of BC
- he negotiated treaties with the Natives so that they would surrender their land but retain both hunting and fishing rights (also known as the Douglas Treaties) |
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What do Amor de Cosmos, John Sebastien Helmcken and John Robson all have in common?
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their desire for British Columbia to join Confederation
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What were the contributions of Amor de Cosmos to BC?
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- played a major role in bringing them into Confederation
- promoted union with Canada through a newspaper - formalized demands through a Yale Conference as he was a founding member of the Confederation League - held seats in both provincial and federal legislatures - served as a premier for BC |
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What was Amor de Cosmo's original name?
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William Alexander Smith
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Why did Amor de Cosmos leave Nova Scotia in 1852?
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to join the California Gold Rush
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Why did Amor de Cosmos change his name?
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to express "love of order, beauty, the world, the universe"
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What was the name of the newspaper Amor de Cosmos founded/what was his purpose?
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- founded the British Colonist
- used to demand the union of the two west coast British colonies (Vancouver Island and British Columbia) to campaign for responsible government and to support Confederation |
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What political position did Amor de Cosmos hold in BC?
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- Legislative Assembly of Vancouver Island
- Legislative Council of BC |
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What did Amor de Cosmos do in 1879?
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called for separation of BC from Canada due to slow progress of the transcontinental railway
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Why was Amor de Cosmos described as an eccentric individual?
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- unconventional behaviour
- fear of electricity - emotional speeches |
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Who was John S. Helmcken and what were his contributions to BC?
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- was a physician in BC who played a role in bringing them to Confederation
- served as a Speaker for both the Victoria legislature and the United BC Assembly - founding president of the BC Medical Association |
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Where was John S. Helmcken born?
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London, England
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How is John S. Helmcken affiliated with the HBC?
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he was a ship sergeant for them
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What brought John S. Helmcken to Vancouver Island?
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to take a position with the HBC
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What was John S. Helmcken's first position in the Legislative Assembly?
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Speaker of Assembly
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Why did some believe that John S. Helmcken was in favour of annexation by the USA?
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economic reasons and protective tariffs
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Why were John S. Helmcken's views altered during his travels across the USA to Ottawa?
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the idea of a transcontinental railway seemed plausible
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Who was one famous patient of John S. Helmcken?
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Emily Carr
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Who was John Robson and what were his contributions to BC?
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- newspaperman
- politician who supported BC joining Confederation - served as a premier |
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When did John Robson serve as a premier of BC?
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1871-73 and 1882-92
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What brought John Robson to BC?
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The Gold Rush
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What newspaper did he become editor of and what purpose did it serve?
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- editor of the "British Columbian"
- criticized the upper class of New Westminister |
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What was Clause 15 and why was John Robson opposed to it?
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He was opposed to Clause 15 because it said that BC could enter Confederation without responsible government institutions
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What was John Robson a proponent of?
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female suffrage and franchising ethnic minorities
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How did John Robson die?
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blood poisoning
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Who was Matthew Begbie and what were his contributions?
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- First judge in Supreme Court in BC
- known as the "hanging judge" because he executed numerous people that seemed fair - seen as the influence that prevented the frontier from chaos during the Gold Rush - sensitive to Native customs and culture - he executed many First Nations |
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Who was Richard Moody and what were his contributions?
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- head of the Company of Royal Engineers
- responsible for building roads, a capital city and a seaport - built the Caribou Wagon Road to tax prospectors |
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What were characteristics of the Northwest Natives and how were they treated by the government?
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- they were constantly attacked by whisky traders causing the government to send in the NWMP for protection
- once that was established, the government wanted to use the land for Canadian and European settlement - started treaty making so that they would give up their land in return for farming equipment - farming did not go well - their standard of living declined and they became dependent on the government - more treaties were made and the Indian Act was introduced so that they would live on reserves and attend residential schools |
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Why did people come to explore Canada?
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- sea otter/fur trade
- plenty of fish - search of Northwest Passage (James Cook, George Vancouver, Alexander Mackenzie) |
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What was the Fraser River Gold Rush?
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- gold was first found on the Fraser River
- led to the creation of BC - attracted Americans - mostly placer mining - Commodore steamship arrived bringing in more American prospectors |
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What was the Cariboo Road and why was it built?
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- 1858 gold was stumbled upon in the Cariboo
- to get to the Cariboo many miners had to make the journey through the Cariboo Road - Richard Moody built the most difficult section of the road by blasting through rock wall - Douglas wanted this built so that the gold would leave the region through the Fraser and therefore be subject to taxation - road had been completed after the gold rush came to an end so that BC remained in debt |
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What was Barkerville?
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- a mining city near Williams Creek as a result of the Cariboo Gold Rush
- named after a UK sailor named Billy Barker who struck gold - prospectors spent their time in the frontier town - money was spent on vices (gambling, prostitution) - Matthew Begbie maintained order - store and services were established - immigration of women and Chinese - first place to have a Chinatown - many miners stayed there after the Gold Rush |
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What were effects of the Gold Rush?
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- many immigrants came into BC
- greater diversity of people (Chinese, Americans) - growth of businesses and cities - environment was exploited for its resources - frontier mentality was harmful to BC environment - government nearly went bankrupt after the construction of the Cariboo Road - First Nations become further displaced from their land - BC had been created due to political tensions of the Gold Rush and James Douglas |
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What resources attracted immigrants to BC?
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- Coal had been discovered in Nanaimo
- Esquimault Harbor was a naval base next to Fort Victoria established by Britain - Mines were established as a result of Gold Rushes - Abundance of fish for fishing - Prairie land suitable for agriculture |
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What was the conflict over the Oregon territory?
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- rising population of American settlers in the Oregon territory
- Simpson worried that Britain would lose control over this area - as a result Fort Victoria was established by James Douglas - US wanted to expand and ran on the slogan "54°40' or fight" meaning they wanted to claim up to 54°40' N - Britain refused to give up claim and they divided along the forty-ninth parallel to the Pacific Ocean - as a result, Vancouver Island would remain in British hands while territory South including Fort Vancouver would become US territory |
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What happened after the Gold Rush?
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- population decline which led to a loss in revenue
- Both BC and Vancouver had accumulated large debts - both colonies were united - Seymour is appointed as the new Governor |
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What were the three factions in the Confederation debates?
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Pro, Anti and Annexation
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What was the "pro" Confederation argument and who was it led by?
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- led by the mainland and Amor de Cosmos
- wanted the new Canada to absorb debts and to build a transcontinental railway - believed it would bring responsible government - believed in Macdonald's nation from sea to sea |
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What was the "anti" Confederation argument and who was it led by?
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- led by Helmcken
- wanted to keep strong ties to Britain and remain a colony - thought that BC would be dominated economically by the East - Ottawa was too far away - withdrawal from Britain would result in annexation by the US |
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What was the "american annexation" Confederation argument and who was it led by?
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- led by a Victoria businessman
- believed that BC had to be connected to a larger body and that Canada was too distant and young - US would provide better economically for their resources (timber, fish, minerals) - it would provide immigrants for BC |
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Why does BC join Confederation?
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- Seymour dies and is replaced by Musgrave
- Musgrave co-opts with anti-confederation supporters to draft a policy together on terms of union - in Ottawa, their terms were accepted and the railroad was to be started in two years and finished in ten - Musgrave promised a responsible government - BC joined Canada |
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When did BC join Confederation?
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July 20th, 1871
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What did the Oregon Treaty of 1846 establish?
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the border between the Oregon territory and Canada which ran along the 49th parallel
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What was the Confederation League and who and why was it formed?
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- consisted of Amor de Cosmos and his supporters
- group of representatives that wanted BC to join the rest of Canada |
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What events transpired in 1867 that initiated discussions about the future colony of British Columbia?
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- US purchased Alaska from the Russians
- Canada confederated the first four provinces |
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What were the first four provinces to join Confederation?
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- Ontario
- Quebec - Nova Scotia - New Brunswick |
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Why did the provincial government begin to restrict Chinese, Japanese and East Indian immigration?
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- Open Door Immigration caused the arrival of Asian immigrants
- BC workers felt that their jobs were threatened |
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What was the Asiatic Exclusion League and what did they do?
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- group of people who feared that Asian immigrants would take over their jobs
- formed when Dunsmuir refused to sign a bill to exclude Japanese immigration - as a result, the mob left destruction in Chinatown and the Japanese section of the city - it was reported as a riot |
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What was the "continuous passage" rule and why was it put in place?
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- prevent immigration of East Indians
- immigrants were required to enter Canada via a non-stop, direct route from their country of origin - a direct route from India was nearly impossible |
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What and who challenged the "continuous passage" rule?
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- Gurdit Singh chartered a steamer called the Komagata Maru to transpot 354 Sikh immigrants to Vancouver
- It left from Hong Kong and stopped in China and Japan before arriving in Vancouver - Canadian authorities put them in quarantine and said they had to leave - immigration officers tried to board the ship but were showered by bottles and sticks by the passengers - the Komagata Maru eventually left Vancouver still carrying most of the passengers |
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Who was Laurier's Minister of Labour and what did he do?
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- William Lyon Mackenzie
- investigated Vancouver riots and property damage - investigated how Asian immigrants came to Canada |
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What was the Head Tax?
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- an attempt to deter Asian immigration
- a head tax of $50 was placed but and eventurally was raised to $500 - this did not deter Chinese immigration - also known as the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 |
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What was the Exclusion Act?
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- formed because the head tax did not deter Chinese immigration
- outright banned Chinese immigration |
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What were responsibilities of the Provincial Government?
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- direct taxation
- management of public lands and resources - establishment and maintenance of hospitals and asylums - management of prisons - local works - civil rights - all matters that are of a local or private Nature in the province |
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What are the three branches in the provincial government?
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legislative, executive and judicial
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What makes up the legislative?
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the legislative assembly
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What makes up the executive?
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sovereign, lieutenant governor, premier, cabinet and ministries
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What makes up the judicial?
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supreme and provincial court
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What are the industries in BC?
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Agriculture, Mining, Oil Exploration, Forestry and Fishing
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Who is BC's main trading partner?
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the US
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