• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/18

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

18 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

DREAMS

Stewart (2012, 2013)




Diff interpretations - past, present, future?




Past - mental mechanisms to manage and avoid danger




Present - Managing our feelings and subconscious, rehearsals for the present




Future - Able to predict occurrences through dreams, warranting dream interpretation




Stewart suggests is a combination of all




- dreams are historical, respond to the present and predict the future




- contain affective ressonance




- People live with historical consciousness - reflected in dreams




- pertinent to society - how it resists forces through dreams




Stewart 2012 - Crow Indian Boy - buffalo, cow stayed




- with dreams begins responsibility




- Memory scapes - dreams are memory scapes - constructed through mental images of the environment particularly through remembered spaces




Case Study


Stewart 2012

CASE STUDY


Dreams


Historicity

Stewart 2012


- Koronos, Greece


- Highlights the relationship between crisis and dreaming




1835 - islanders risk of disposession




Some folk started dreaming of the sacred - Virgin Mary, she was asking them to dig up icons of her on the mountain




They found them and wished to build a memorial in her name, eventually they were granted this.




The icons were confiscated and years later a young girl dreamt that one of the icons was in her grandmothers house, they found it, was released back to the pilgrimage site.




Locals were able to claim land through the ownership of the sacred




- proprietorship of the land which transcended state jurisdiction - in spiritual terms




Dreams are historical, respond to the present and predict the future




Historic events have mythical power and this is felt through dreams




History - past lies behind us, in memory it remains with us , in bodies, skills,actin and perception



Historicity

Hirsch and Stewart (2005)




- Problem - cross cultural analysis of different perspectives -


- describing past and present occurrences - western centric view!


- Separation between past and present - culturally particular - cannot translate




- current view based on historicism - present and past always separate


- past + present seen as set of events


- not slow gradual unfolding of minute events which do not necessarily get publicised or remembered but all have impact on present and future discourse and decision making




- not separate, past effects the present, present and past effects the future!


- carried with us




Historicity - integrated view of past, present and future


- RELATIONAL aspects of events, feelings and occurrences




- Past intimate and incorporated




- Historicism = time, historicity = temporality - rhythms and interconnections unfolding across time - all interrealtional




- Memory imbued with the present which leaves info for future - Afghan Rugs, helicopters, tanks




- Ruination (Stoler) the process through which Imperial power occupies the present.




Case Study


Stewart 2012


Nevaro 2009


Hadzimuhamedovic 2013



Post Memory

Hirsch 2008


- Transgenerationally transmitted experiences, often traumatic




- Second generational relationships of powerful,often traumatic experiences of parents


- aftermath of experiences lived by parents in actions and grieving


- absorbed by child - become own, embedded in psyche




- Hirsch focuses on holocaust and way transmitted through photos




- children remember through images, stories and behaviours of their upbringing


- bring into future




- Hoffman (2004) - past through nightmares, sighs and illness from her parents


- becomes her own




Critique


Weissman (2004) - objects to 'memory' in this context - no ability to transform someone elses memory into another's.




- direct continuity between the event and the memory


- someone not experienced the event cannot relate with this continuity between event and memory - functions on different cognitive mechanisms




Trauma cannot be transmitted through generations




BUT


- Hirsch agrees with them - why referring to POST memory


- not literal memories of others experiences




POST memory not identical to the lived experience, but it approximates memory through affect




Transmitted through language of the body - habitus, absorbed and reenacted and realsied and adorned.




- relations with other communities persists - in imaginations, memories, interactions with abandoned properties, spaces and belongings (Nevaro, 2009)






Case Study


Nevaro 2009



Case Study


Post memory


Historicity


Actor Network Theory


Affect

Nevaro (2009)


- Cyprus, North and South




- Invasion of northern Cyprus by Turks


- Greek Cypriots had to evacuate, dispossessed.


- Displaced having to leave homes, friends, belongings


- 'Political system' encouraged the ownership of Greek possessions


- Turks looted belongings, clothes, houses - adorning posessions and lives of former residents




- Turks today have ashamed, self-critical view - hands were dirtied


- some rationalise - 'what could we have done, lost all own property'




Turk government made new self declared state - not recognized by international law


- Turks blame melancholy on the sitch




- The history is 'dirt' , is intrinsic to them




- Affect goes beyond the subjective, the self, is within the ruins


- the environment, the ruins, the debris, creates melancholia - is affective.


- The Turks also exude melancholia through their memories




- Actor Network but not horizontal or 2 dimensional - historical and political contingency


- Not flat relations to each other - 'not always, already or anyway'


- Turks relations to the looted items is an assemblage, war, borders, distinctions between communities


- sovereignty is persons and things - network


- not neutral - is created to exclude


- the network places limits on the lives of people





Actor Network Theory

Latour


- Actants are human and nonhuman


- Agency is RELATIONAL - no particular ownership


- Exist in web - for any kind of agency to occur


- Links and associations create the power to act


- Diff from Gell because dissolves distinctions


- Object not acted upon - interrelational


- Humans, objects, things on level




Case Study




Hadzimuhamedovic (2013) Tree of Gernika




Critique




Navaro (2009) - says cannot be only seen 2 dimensionally - humans, objects beings on same level


- need to go back to relation between object and subject - not dismiss object - but beyond this


- historical and political contingency


- not 'flat' relations to each other



Case Study


Actor Network Theory


Non human Agency


Historicity


Landscape





Hadzimuhamedovic (2013) Tree of Gurnika


- Basque, Spain


- Legitimising present through the past is common practice of political regimes


- Past - group identities and territories


- roots and rights to groups


- Oak trees have long history of AGENCY in diff cosmology in Europe




- Franco bombed town


- Oak Tree historical meeting place for political conventions and important people came from all over


- place for ceremonies of civil liberties and autonomy




- Oak tree dates to 14th century, 300 years old then before died took seed and planted new tree, then again did the same


- same tree, not a replacement


- As the community values are the same, not replacements, cannot defeat the population




- Tree survived the bombings, has legalhistory


- Causal relationship between human and non human actors - the people and the tree


- people and community a part of its history and power


- Interrelationship - tree is part of Basque life and identity


- Equated to community, history, Basque life will never cease.


- Planted across Basque region to claim the space, territory

AFFECT

Massumi (2002), Deleuze (2000)


- Sensations are experienced - non conscious


- different to emotion


- perspectives of the flesh


- impacts, intensities, influences, impulses - not emotions


- the strength or duration of the images effect




- Affect is the potential - bodily capacity to affect and be affected


- Embodied - in the auto reaction manifested in the skin


- Relational


- Not exclusively human body




- if affect is intensity, emotion is identified, recognised intensity


- emotion is the sociolinguistic fixing of quality of experience




- Affect is prediscursive


- Affect does not have to await definition, classification, rationalisation before they exert palpable pressures


- works not through meanings but in the way they pick up density and texture




- Goes beyond subjectivity of the self




Case Study




Nevaro (2009) North Cyprus




- Inhabiting of ruins - creating affect - melancholia


- Walking through the ruins and remnants - this embodied feeling of melancholy


- Define new community by inhabiting clothes of Greeks


- Not just material remains - subjectivities and residual affects lingering - from aftermath of war




- MEMORY of the space before the war lingers in ruins


- Affectivity - to be able to create the impulses of this in another thing


- the quality of the experience


- relations with other communities persists - in imaginations, memories, interactions with abandoned properties, spaces and belongings


- People projecting on ruins and ruins projecting on people




- Argues ruins affect on people and people affect on space




- Ruination (Stoler) the process through which Imperial power occupies the present.





NON HUMAN AGENCY

Alfred Gell , Giddens


- Agency - source and originator of an act, capability, power


- Agents - subjects of action


- Agency of inanimate things


- Meaning as constructed not given - contextual archaeology




However


- artefacts can lose their solidarity, their innate ability to change lives


- become just text telling story


- consequences of though, action, belief only




Material objects are TRANSFORMATIONAL - Farm machinery/agriculture




Marx - technology and materiality crucial in shaping the social


- what about propaganda?




However, Marx - too much emphasis on objects, need Actor Network Theory - Latour - relational




GELL - Primary (intentional) agency - humans


- Secondary (distributed) agency - things




GIDDENS - dissolve dichotomy - object and subject


- can't have one without other


- Mutual relations between people and things


- humans produce and reproduce the social system surrounding them, whilst being influenced by it


- Animism and fetishism - spirit being with or of matter




- actors do not stand alone, made to act by others




- Objects make us act?


- More than just inanimate?


- Embedded with own personal composition promoting action?




Case Study




Holbraad (2007) - without powder, no power


- Shamans have no power without the powder, the spirit




Have to make an ontological shift

Case Study


Non Human Agency


Ontology


Phenomenology



Holbraad (2007) The Power of Powder


- Cuba


- Ache powder



Case Study


Agency



Gardner (2004) Roman Forts, Wales 4th Century


- Agency - reflective, habitual, affective - combined with temporality and material cult


- - Artefacts in different places evidence propensity for social change


- agency of small scale communities






Gardner (2004) - Agency and Community in 4th Century Britain-




Critiques Gidden - too focused on routine actions, hierarchically flat - could be diff types of agency based on variants - temporality, materiality, sociality


- little notice of embodiment or material culture


- Material culture has agency


- what about variation and transformation



Agency

Durkheim, Bateson (1972), Leach (1977), Gell, Latour




Agency - capability, power, source/originator of acts


Agents - subjects of action


- Entails rationality, consciousness, intention, meaning - diff from animals


- Individual or social structure?




Structure


- Durkheim, Giddens (1984), Bourdieu (1977)


Durkheim - circumstances are the crucial element


- collectivism - overarching social structures, actions bound by


Giddens - Structuration theory - individuals often explain actions but not motives


Bourdieu (1977) - dissolution binary distinctions - consciousness/unconsciousness


- continuum


- human exp lies between consc and unconsc - in habitus!


- early learning & cultural encoding effect body


- people act properly without thinking


- objective social structures effect habitus


-disposition with function as basis of structure




BUT




Agency passive power of reacting (habitus) to social prerequisites?




Intentionality




- what about creativity and innovation?




- Bateson (1972) individuals = energy source, fuelled by own process not external stimuli


- create and recreate circs


- this engagement imposes self on world


- transcend 'facts' of social - imagine new things


- imagination key to consciousness and being


- imagination allows go beyond status quo!


- Freedom outside conformity


- not mindless




- Agency threatened by structure but interplay is dynamic of cultural history - togevs




- Leach- rule breaking of inspired people = social change




Gell


Latour



Phenomenology

Merleau Ponty




- The study of experience as experience nothing else


- world prior to consciousness - we do not think the world into existence


- Cave man view - before knowledge or analysing


- without questions of whether things exist - its how experience is experienced. Actual


- Body is primary site of knowing the world


- Our experience is through our body


- Body is where subject and object are unified and how we differentiate from other things.


- i can feel myself touching myself - i cannot feel how my touch feels when i touch another


- Completely unique experiences of being in a body




Senses - touch, smell, hear, see, taste




- A way to understand consciousness


- a science of subjectivity




- we are emobodied - so how do we experience the world as a body?




Examining the world of the body - of being in the world


- we are a body in the world - not just a vessel for consciousness


- Mediation through the body between consciousness and the exterior world


- we live through our body




- a way of thinking to theorise existence - a tool to understand experience




- natural science seeks to explain man in the world via substances and properties, but this is not how we experience things


- we do not need to understand substances and properties of our hand to be able to use it




Phenomenology - FIRST science - before analysis and explanation




- science explanations do not equal how we actually feel - explanation of breathing is not how it actually feels to breathe air in and out




Descartes - experience through knowledge


Merleau Ponty - experience through body




Memory and past felt in the body - Connerton - past emobodied in habit and action




Habitus - Bourdieu




Hirsch (2008) Post Memory

Ontology

Study of being


- Time (Wagner, 1986)


- Justice (Wastell)


- Things (Holbraad, 2007)


- Person (Strathern)




-What entities might be said to exist?


- How are they categorised?


- What (essence)


- How (qualitative)


- How much (quantitative)


- Where (relational - to other things)




- Difference everywhere but underneath is base - something we all share


- description is where we start to divide - where the problem starts (Strathern)




- 1 reality or different realities?


- We see through our own ontologies


- Are we able to see others? Make the ontological shift?


- Information is different to knowledge - interpretation is violence




- Culture is a space for assimilation of differences, but differences are not real


- something underneath everything which remains the same and unites us, binds us




Eg/ description - Cousins/Cross Cousins - incest//not related?? Even calling them cousins!




Viveiros de Castro (1998)


- suggested move away from Amerindian as object of study and into way of looking at world from indigenous perspective


- subject/object divide


- how objects/subjects/animals see themselves and each other


Humanity = reflexive position


Animalism = external view




Holbraad (2007) Power is Powder, Cuba


- does not signify or represent - IS power

Amerindian Perspectivism

Viveiros de Castro (1996,1998)


- Human = reflexive position, animal = external view




Humans view others as animals or things, but other living beings view themselves as humans and live in conditions similar to human social networks - social life like villages




- Viveiros de Castro (1998) suggested move away from Amerindian as object of study and into way of looking at world from indigenous perspective




- co existence of different natures


- all entities with a common perspective/affinity


- Animals and humans share common point of view




- distinction between humans and non humans incomparable and irreducible to western distinctions between nature and culture




- at a time all members of cosmos shared human condition + able to communicate...




- Multinaturalism - different bodily states which presuppose a singular human and cultural condition (reltionism)




- Multiculturalism - some common nature/reality, seen by diff cultural points of view (relativism)

Case Study


Habitus

Bourdiou (2004) The Peasant and his Body


- South France , 60s


- Bachelors ill equipped in competition for a spouse




- Peasant 'old' style washed out by new town folk dances and styles


- If they danced they would have a wife, if they had a wife they would dance


- peasants seen with lumbering gait and bow legged - can't dance to modern style




- girls see theor unwillingness to dance and appearance as low social standing


- In battle been sexes, the body is the most important


- image/presentability - if man clumsy, badly presented, unshaven then unsociable and churlish




- girls sensitive to appearance, gestures and attitudes due to cultural training - they deduce personality from appearance


- influenced by the town and its modern style


- judge village men to unattainable/unrealistic criteria - townsmen, village men worthless




- peasant internalises this - begins to see himself this way - self perpetuating, acts out whenever exhibiting


- makes jokes and irony


- feelings not talked about - sensationlised info in media thus widens the gap between them


- women aspire for urban life




- Peasants sanctioned against urban styles, fashion, appearance, presentation - peasants meant to be masculine, brawn and rough is manly


- women taught to be attentive to dress sense from young age




- girls borrow urban women phenotype


- men borrow deeper cultural models, particularly the deeper cultural sphere




-Girls also create ideas of th ‘ideal man’ from magazines and radios and what they percieve in the city which is the polar opposite of peasant men Even where farm men have been modernised they still have trouble marrying - ‘Lads like La., Pi., Po., perhaps among the most intelligent and dynamic of the region, have to be put among the ‘unmarriageable’. Even though they dress properly, they go out a lot. They have brought in new cultivation methods, new crops. Some have equipped their houses. It’s enough to make you think that, in this domain, imbeciles do better than the rest.

Habitus

Bourdieu (1977)




- The way society becomes deposited in persons


- Lasting dispositions


- Trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel and act in determinant ways

Landscape

Daniels and Cosgrove , Ingold (1993)




Landscapes like bodies, everywhere but not considered


- Landscapes constantly in flux, living entity


- But seen as backdrop - provide context for reader, zoom in.




Painterly Origin - understanding and expectation of landscape comes from 16th century paintings




Malinowski (1922) can imagine from his description - conjouring an image




Landscape as local meaning -


- initially seen with star studded glow, different when living in the space - see what you want, not the reality




Image vs process


- Daniels and Cosgrove - landscape cultural image, backdrop, pictoral, symbol




- Ingold (1993) what about process?landscape not static


- rejects division between meaning and substance


- people are part of landscape- humans make landscape


- move beyond naturalistic (just backdrop) and culturalistic (just symbol)


- enduring record of lives and past generations


- embodied




Genus Loci - spirit of place - atmosphere, quality - translates as bodily knowledge


- translates history, design


- place is a space with particular character


- affective




Landscape and Absence


- memories and narratives fillin gaps, create diff images and understandings


- what used to be, but is no longer


- Roma gypsies - only approach to the landscape which was theirs is through stories, memories




Landscape and Belonging


- How landscape becomes embodied


- collective memory/narrative of a group


- belonging through death, bodies, go back to be buried


- politics of dead bodies and mass graves


Territory thorugh death and ritual burial


- affects of bones to claim space


- Homeland/belonging - Nazis/refugees




Landscape tells or is a story - Ingold (1993)


- we begin to know the landscape through moving though it - embodiment


- to perceive landscape therefore an act of remembrance


- conjouring embodied knowledge, of a landscape preganat with past


- practiced between diff bodies - collective knowledge




Taskscape


- rythm and activity of the dwelling of beings - temporality


- collective of activities


- landscape is exercised and embodied


- Landscape and time as main aspects for understanding arch and anth


- Interrelational




Dwelling Perspective


- Landscape is the world s it is known to those who dwell therein


- Inhabit its places, journey along paths connecting them


- landscape different for different people


- How kinship and ontologies reflect the landscape


- people know landscape in terms of thetask scape- when to plant, when to work..


- Past seen by inhabitants as idealised


- incorporated in space not inscribed in it - embodied




Landscpes of conflict




Landscapes on the move - Nomadic communities


- non places Marc 6Auge


-









Daniels and Cosgrove saw as pictoral