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38 Cards in this Set
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Thaddeus Stevens
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a Republican member of congress and one of the most powerful members in the United States House of Representatives. He fought for rights for the freedmen in reconstruction. He was a leader in the impeachment of Andrew Jackson. Was against black suffrage.
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Panic of 1873
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a severe economical depression in both Europe and the United States; lasted until 1879. This took the Northerners minds off of reconstruction for a while because they need to fix the economy, which was more important.
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Tenure of Office Act
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was a federal law that was intended to restrict the power of the United States President, to remove certain office holders without the power of the senate.
This is important because the Republicans in office could keep Andrew Johnson from making decisions that were against black people and/or restricted them. |
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Military Rule
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the ideology of government as best served when under military control. When reconstruction took place, the south got divided into groups and the sections of the military would be assigned a certain group and would protect blacks in those areas.
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Tenant Farming
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This is when a black person works on a plantation for a white man who owns it. The only difference between this and slavery is that the blacks would be paid for it. However, it was usually a very little amount of pay because the plantation owners had to make money. A lot of freedmen ended up working for there prior masters in this sort of way because there weren't many other jobs out there for them, especially because none of them had an education. This was an easy guaranteed job because the plantation owners need people to work the fields so they could make money.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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is a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the decision upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in private businesses, under the doctrine of "separate but equal." Separate but equal was the idea that segregation was necessary, but blacks and whites could not be integrated. This gave blacks the right to equal facilities as whites, but in different places. Blacks were given the separate part of this, but almost always lacked the equal part. Whites were still given better facilities than Blacks. It was the white mans way in the south of attempting to make the blacks feel like they were worthless. To make them feel like they were inferior to the white people.
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Civil Rights Acts
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are acts granting prior black slaves rights that they did not once have. They helped blacks get the rights that they deserved as people, and not the inferior race to the white.
This is important because these are the rights that the blacks should have gotten right after the civil war when they were given freedom, but they were forced to push to get these rights. They were forced to bigger than themselves and put their life in danger because of the KKK. |
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Black Codes
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laws that were created varying from state to state and limited the black persons rights and abilities. This is important because this is an attempt of whites telling the blacks that they were free, but they weren't equal and didn't deserve to be.
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Veto
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the power of an officer of the state to single handedly stop an official action, especially enactment of a law. This allows the president to veto a law passed by congress if he thinks that it is unconstitutional OR is bias against it like in the example of Andrew Jackson. Vetoing is important because President Jackson did a lot of this to laws that congress had passed to help newly freed men.
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Jim Crow
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were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They gave the right to racially segregation in all public facilities, which was supposed to support the "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, giving all black Americans unfair and unequal economic, educational and social disadvantages.These were attempts to restore slavery and let blacks know that they were inferior to white people.
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President Grant
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a Radical Republican who apposed slavery. He fought in the Civil War to give all blacks equal rights to whites. He thought that no person should be given anything unequal to another, which is why he was against segregation.
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Carpetbaggers
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White people from the north who came from the North down to the South to help support black people. These people carried their things in carpetbags. They helped black people in cases and earn their rights. Being from the North, they knew integration was like, and they tried to make it so that blacks were treated the same way in the South as they were in the North.
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Segregation
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separating people based on race or sex. A way to divide people up. This is important because everything blacks fought for was desegregation. They wanted to be together with the Whites. It was the idea behind all that happened directly after the civil war.
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Reconstruction Acts
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Congress passed four acts during reconstruction. The creation of five military districts in the seceded states (not including Tennessee, which had ratified the 14th Amendment and was readmitted to the Union.) Each district was to be headed by a military official empowered to appoint and remove state officials. They were supposed to keep the blacks from being treated unfairly. all me could be voters and were to be registered; all freedmen were to be included as well as those white men who took an extended loyalty oath. State constitutional conventions, comprising elected delegates, were to draft new governing documents providing for black male suffrage. They were forced to do what the Military told them to do, and they had no choice to do anything else. States were required to ratify the 14th Amendment prior to readmission to show that they should be part of the Union and that they would treat blacks equally.
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Emancipation Proclamation
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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of the civil war. The proclamation declared "all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery unaffected in the border states. It also rid of the parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory. It also gave blacks no rights, it only freed them.
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Compromise of 1877
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The Democrat and Republican Parties finally made a deal in 1877 in what became known as the Compromise of 1877, the Democrats agreed to give Hayes the victory in the presidential election he had not truly won. In return, the new President agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states. He also agreed to support ideas for rebuilding levees along the Mississippi River and to give huge subsidies to southern railroads. The compromise opened the way for Democrats to regain control of southern politics and marked the end of Reconstruction. This was important because when the troops were removed from the South, the South had no one guarding them so they could do whatever they wanted.
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Radical Republicans
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were a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They called themselves "radicals" and were opposed during the war by moderates and conservative factions led by Abraham Lincoln and after the war by self-described "conservatives" (in the South) and "Liberals" (in the North). Radicals strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans were key in getting rights for blacks, and helped to get rid of all ex-confederates that could limit the rights of blacks.
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Inalienable Rights
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these rights were natural, god given rights. "human rights" for short. They were simple, but yet very important. They were what blacks needed, the basic rights that would truly begin their freedom, and they got them eventually.
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Presidential Reconstruction
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The time after President Lincoln's death when Andrew Johnson was making poor decisions that were against blacks. This time period lasted long enough to make a dent in reconstruction, but was soon fixed and Jackson's decisions gone.
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Congressional Reconstruction
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When congress stepped in and over powered Andrew Jackson from making decisions on his own. They were more fair towards blacks, and they also helped give them more rights.
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NAACP
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is the National Association for Advancement of Colored People. This organization helped in cases for Black's rights and for all in all the advancement of black people.
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Thurgood Marshall
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The leader of the NAACP. Helped win cases that were for Black's rights. He was involved greatly in the Supreme Court case that ended up abolishing segregation in schools in the south.
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Separate but Equal
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a law pertaining to a racial policy by which blacks may be segregated if granted equal opportunities and facilities, as for education, transportation, or jobs. This is what blacks wanted, however, they did not get this. they were given less than the whites. In a town in Alabama, the town spent three times as much money on the white kids as the blacks. This clearly shows that they are separate yet very unequal.
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Civil Rights Act
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was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, including racial segregation. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. This gave Blacks most of the rights they had wanted, and was a very big step for them.
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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was an American activist and prominent leader in the African American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for being a figure in the Civil Rights Movement. He was also known for using nonviolent methods of protest. He was big in the fight for civil rights, also very inspirational to a lot of black people. He was the leader of many large events in the Civil Rights Movement.
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Malcolm X
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was an African American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. He used violence often because he thought that it was the only way to get White people to listen. However, when he was saw MLK using non-violent protest, it inspired him and he became a leader who used nonviolent protest. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. Along with MLK, he was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement and used nonviolent protest.
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Emmett Till
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a 14 year old boy from the North brutally murdered for saying a couple words to a white woman in the South. He was killed by the KKK. He was beaten and then killed, thrown in the river with weights so he would drown. When they had his funeral, his mother insisted on an open coffin so the world could see what whites do to blacks. He is the example whites were trying to show to blacks that they had to stay in their place or this would happen to them.
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Linda Brown
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she was one of the 13 children who attempted to enroll in an all white school, in Topeka, Kansas. She had a case in the Supreme Court that ruled "separate but equal" unconstitutional. She played a pivotal role in getting rid of segregation.
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Elizabeth Eckford
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was one of the Little Rock Nine, a group of African-American students who, in 1957, were the first black students ever to attend classes at a white school. The integration came as a result of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Her bravery to attend a all white school inspired other to do the same. She was one of the first to attend a white school and many others would follow afterward.
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Ruby Bridges
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She is known as the first African-American child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South.She attended William Frantz Elementary School. No one else had done what she did and no one else had thought of actually doing it because of the dangers involved. She inspired others to fight segregation in the simplest way. Her story is legend.
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Chief Justice Earl Warren
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he was Governor of California, and then assigned to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in time to make a very important case that would abolish segregation in schools. He is the reason that Thurgood Marshal won the argument and schools were integrated by a unanimous Supreme Court vote.
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Non-violent protest
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to protest non-violently. Marin Luther King used this method of getting his point across. This is a way of protesting that was more successful than violently protesting for civil rights. It was one of the reasons of MLK and Malcolm X's fame.
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Sit-ins
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is a form of protest that involves occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment. This is an example of non-violent protest. Also, this was a way of showing that Whites weren't neutral on Blacks, they were against them.
A way blacks and others protested, in the civil rights movement. |
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Little Rock Nine
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was a group of nine African American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas National Guard, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. On their first day of school, troops from the Arkansas National Guard would not let them enter the school and they were followed by mobs making threats to lynch. This is the beginning of integration in schools and the right for Blacks to attend White schools.
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Rosa Parks
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On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to obey the bus driver that ordered her to give up her seat to make room for a white passenger. She was arrested for not moving, and she was one of the well known Black people in the Civil Rights Movement, so this started up controversy. The action sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was a period of 13 months without the use of Blacks using the bus system. at the end, segregation on public transportation was ruled unconstitutional in a Supreme Court Case.
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Television
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is a form of media that can inform people with information if they have a TV. If an event happened regarding segregation or an event that had to do with the Civil Rights Movement and the news was there, it would end up on TV. This was how many Americans were able to see what was going on in America. They could see Blacks being beaten and killed, and it told all of America about this. It showed how blacks were being treated.
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Children's March
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in Birmingham, Alabama, on May 2 through 4, 1963, the American Civil Rights Movement initiated and organized by Rev. James Bevel. The purpose of the march was to walk downtown to talk to the mayor about segregation in their city. Many children left their schools and got arrested, set free, and then to got arrested again the next day because they wanted to show they wanted freedom.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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was a political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. For 13 months Blacks did not use public transportation, and they walked, biked, or carpooled from place to place. This hurt the bus company by them not getting as many paying customers, and some buses ran with no one on them.
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