Social Studies Review (Information Taken From Harcourt)

Front 1

Roanoke

Back 1

Walter Raleigh was chosen to set up a colony in North America. He sent John White and colonists to Roanoke Island. He led another group to Roanoke Island. White sailed back to England for supplies and returned three years later to find the Lost Colony.

Front 2

James Towne (Jamestown)

Back 2

It was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

John Smith made a rule...Anyone who did not work did not eat.

Front 3

tobacco

Back 3

Virginia's cash crop

Front 4

indentured servant

Back 4

A person who agreed to work for another person without pay for a certain length of time in exchange for passage to North America.

Front 5

John Smith

Back 5

He was an English explorer and leader of the Jamestown settlement.

Front 6

Powhatan

Back 6

He was an Algonquian chief who governed the area that later became the Virginia Colony. He was the father of Pocahontas.

Front 7

John Rolfe

Back 7

He was a Jamestown settler who introduced a new form of tobacco that led to great profits.

Front 8

Starving Times

Back 8

The Starving Time refers to a period of forced starvation experienced by the colonists at Jamestown during the winter of 1609 to 1610.

www.totallyhistory.com

Front 9

House of Burgesses

Back 9

The Virginia Colony had many people. Laws were needed to keep order. Colonists set up a legislature. It was the first representative assembly in the English Colony.

Front 10

Plimoth (Plymouth)

Back 10

It was the first settlement built by the Pilgrims who sailed on the Mayflower.

Front 11

Mayflower Compact

Back 11

In order to keep order, all men aboard the Mayflower signed a compact, or an agreement. The signers agreed that fair laws would be made for the good of the colony. They promised to obey the laws.

Front 12

Pilgrims

Back 12

They were group of English people had moved to Netherlands. The Pilgrims had religious freedom in the Netherlands, but they did not like the Dutch way of life. The Virginia Company agreed to pay for the Pilgrims' passage to North America. The Pilgrims would repay the company with lumber and furs from their new land.

Front 13

William Bradford

Back 13

He was an English Pilgrim settler and governor of the Plymouth Colony.

Front 14

Chief Massasoit

Back 14

Wampanoag Indian chief who throughout his life maintained peaceful relations with English settlers in the area of the Plymouth Colony, Mass.

www.brittannica.com

Front 15

Squanto

Back 15

He was also known as Tisquantum. He was a member of the Wampanoag tribe and spoke English. Tisquantum taught them the Pilgrims how to survive.

Front 16

Middle Passage

Back 16

Million of enslaved Africans were placed on ships and forced to travel across the Atlantic Ocean from America to the West Indies.

Front 17

King Phillip's War

Back 17

In 1765, arguments over land led to war between the colonists and the Native Americans. The colonists named the war. Both suffered losses. Some tribes were wiped out, and most were forced to give up their lands.

Front 18

Roger Williams

Back 18

He was the founder of Providence in what is now Rhode Island. He was forced to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Front 19

Puritans

Back 19

These settlers came to New England to practice their religious beliefs. They came to start farms and businesses. They did not want to break away from the Church of England. They wanted to change some religious practices to make the church more pure.

Front 20

William Penn

Back 20

He was an English Quaker who became the proprietor of Pennsylvania and Delaware. He set up the Frame of Government in Pennsylvania. It gave citizens freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial by jury.

Front 21

Quakers

Back 21

Many settlers arriving in New Jersey were called Quakers. They believed that all people were equal. Quakers were forced to leave England. They wanted to find a refuge, or a safe place, to live and worship.

Front 22

Lord Baltimore

Back 22

James Calvert, also called Lord Baltimore, was a wealthy English landowner. His family was Catholic and wanted to build a colony in North America that would make money. They wanted a refugee for Catholics. The Calverts sent the first group of colonists to Maryland.

Front 23

James Oglethorpe

Back 23

He was an English who founded the Georgia Colony. He hoped to give debtors a change to start a new life.

Front 24

Middle Colonies
(New York, New Jersey, New York City, Pennsylvania, Delaware)

Back 24

*Breadbasket Colony-crops: wheat, corn, rye
*flat plains, rolling hills, meadows, forests, better for farming/growing crops
*large harbors/made trading easier/busy seaports
*Quakers
*diversity/variety of people
*Great Awakening-renewed interest in religion
*artisans/craftworkers *apprentice/learning a trade

Front 25

Southern Colonies
(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

Back 25

*slavery-plantations/small farms
*cash crop- rice in South Carolina / tobacco in Maryland, Virginia, and northern North Carolina (wet and warm)
*farming, shipping centers, naval stores

Front 26

New England Colonies
(Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire)

Back 26

* Puritans-practice religious beliefs, start farms and businesses
*commons, town meetings, able to read Bible
*busy cities, small towns, had to clear land, logging, shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, navel stores
*grew crops, cut lumber, caught fish, merchants traded

Front 27

Proclamation of 1763

Back 27

In 1763, King George III, made a proclamation that all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains belonged to Native Americans. White settlers were told to leave.

Front 28

Sugar Act

Back 28

In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act to raise money for Britain. They needed to pay off the war. This act taxed the sugar and molasses brought into the colonies from the West Indies.

Front 29

King George III

Back 29

He was the King of Britain during the Revolutionary War.

Front 30

Stamp Act

Back 30

In 1765, Parliament put a tax on paper items in the colonies.

Front 31

Committees of Correspondence

Back 31

To spread information between colonies more quickly, this was formed. They wrote letters to one another. Samuel Adams organized the first one in Boston. Members of the Committees of Correspondence asked people in other colonies to protest British policies.

Front 32

Quartering Act

Back 32

It was a way for the British government to share the costs of defending the colonies.

Front 33

Boston Massacre

Back 33

Colonists were angered by having British soldiers in their towns. They made fun of them, and the soldiers ended up destroying colonial property. A fight broke out in Boston on March 5, 1770. Three colonist were killed on the spot, and two others died later.

Front 34

No Taxation without Representation

Back 34

Colonists were very angry that they were being taxed. They said Britain could not tax them because the colonists had no representation in Parliament.

Front 35

Boston Tea Party

Back 35

In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act. It gave Britain's East India Company control on tea. Colonists had to buy tea from this company. Many decided to boycott the tea. The Sons of Liberty dressed like Mohawk Indians. They dumped 300 chests of tea overboard the ships.

Front 36

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts-unacceptable)

Back 36

Parliament passed new laws to punish the Massachusetts colonists. These laws forced the colonist to follow laws they felt were unfair. (closed the Boston port, set up blockades, stopped the legislature from meeting, town meetings approved, quarter soldiers, etc,)

Front 37

Lexington and Concord

Back 37

Fighting at Lexington and Concord marked the start of the Revolutionary War.

Front 38

Thomas Paine

Back 38

He was a writer during the American Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense led many Americans to favor independence.

Front 39

Declaration of Independence

Back 39

declaring independence from Britain
preamble- introduction-why it was needed/why they wanted to break away from Britain
2nd part-statement of rights as a colonist
3rd part- the longest part- complaints against the king
last part- colonies free and independent states

Front 40

First Continental Congress

Second Continental Congress

Back 40

1st- met in Philadelphia, first meeting of its kind, sent petition to the king, remind basic rights, deadline to answer
2nd- met in Philadelphia, some wanted war, others tried to avoid war, form army, commander in chief/Washington

Front 41

Freedom Week

Back 41

recognize the sacrifices and contributions American freedom by veterans

Front 42

Articles of Confederation

Back 42

This was the first plan of government. It was approved by Congress in 1777. Each stated elected representative to serve in a national legislature. It helped keep states together during the Revolutionary War. It did have weaknesses that caused problems for the new government.

Front 43

George Washington

Back 43

He was the commander in chief of the Continental Army. He was the president of the Constitutional Convention and the first president of the United States.

Front 44

Valley Forge

Back 44

The Continental soldiers were losing battles. They did not have supplies, clothing, etc. Other countries helped out in their time of need. Some purchased clothing, while others taught the Americans how to fight.

Front 45

Battle at Trenton

Back 45

Washington came up with a plan to attack in Trenton, New Jersey, on Christmas night, 1776. His men crossed the Delaware River and marched to Trenton. It was a victory for the American soldiers.

Front 46

Battle of Saratoga

Back 46

The British loss at Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War.

Front 47

Battle of Yorktown

Back 47

The French and the American soldiers surrounded Charles Cornwallis. Cornwallis surrendered. The Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War.

Front 48

Treaty of Paris

Back 48

John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams wanted Britain to accept American independence. They also wanted all British soldiers removed from American lands. It named the United States of America as a new nation.

Front 49

Patrick Henry

Back 49

He was a Virginia leader who spoke out against British policies and later opposed the Constitution.

Front 50

Samuel Adams

Back 50

He was an American Revolutionary leader who set up the Committees of Correspondence in Boston and helped form the Sons of Liberty.

Front 51

John Adams

Back 51

He was a Massachusetts leader who served as a member of Congress and later as the second President of the United States.

Front 52

Abigail Adams

Back 52

She argued for freedom in letters she wrote to her husband, John. She also cared for children who had been made homeless by the war.

Front 53

Paul Revere

Back 53

He was a Massachusetts colonist who warned the Patriots that the British were marching toward Concord.

Front 54

Benjamin Franklin

Back 54

He was an American leader and delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He was a respected scientist and business leader.

Front 55

Thomas Jefferson

Back 55

He wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Front 56

Mercy Otis Warren

Back 56

She wrote poems and stories about fighting for freedom.

Front 57

Phillis Wheatley

Back 57

She was an enslaved African woman who became a famous poet and supported the Patriots during the Revolutionary War.

Front 58

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Back 58

Sons-captured tax collectors, tarred and feathered them, ran them out of town
Daughters- spun thread and wove their own cloth instead of buying
boycotted-refused to buy

Front 59

Patriots

Back 59

Colonists who supported independence.

Front 60

Loyalists

Back 60

Colonists who remained loyal to the king.

Front 61

Northwest Ordinance

Back 61

Congress set up this ordinance in 1787. It set up a plan for governing the Northwest Territory and forming new states from its land. The ordinance promised settlers freedom from religion. Slavery would not be allowed in states formed from the Northwest Territory (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan)

Front 62

Shay's Rebellion

Back 62

Poor farmers were unable to repay their debts. Therefore, the courts took away their farms of sent them to prison. Poor farmers in Massachusetts protested by refusing to let the courts meet. A mob of farmers led Daniel Shays tried to take over Massachusetts storehouse of weapons. The governor sent soldiers to stop Shays.

Front 63

James Madison

Back 63

He argued that the country needed a stronger national government. He helped plan and write the United States Constitution along with Gouverneur Morris.

Front 64

George Mason

Back 64

He__________________________________________________________________________.

Front 65

Gouverneur Morris

Back 65

He spoke out against slavery. He wrote the final draft of the Preamble. He was elected to the Constitutional Convention.

Front 66

Virginia Plan

Back 66

The number of the representations that a state would have in both houses of Congress would be based on the state's population. Delegates from the small states worried the plan would give large states control of Congress. The larger states would be able to pass laws they wanted.

Front 67

New Jersey Plan

Back 67

Congress would have one house. Each state would be equally represented. This plan would give the small states the same number of representatives as the large states.

Front 68

Three-Fifths Compromise

Back 68

The delegates agreed to count three-fifths of the total number of slaves in each state towards the number of representative.

Front 69

Great Compromise

Back 69

It resolved conflicts over representation in the government. Population would affect the representation of each state in Congress.

Front 70

Preamble (introduction to the Constitution, important document)

Back 70

Gouverneur Morris was chosen to write the final version of the Preamble. "We the people of the United States..." It explains the basic functions of the United States government.

Front 71

Separation of Powers

Back 71

The Constitution's framers, or writers, created the separation of powers to keep one branch from controlling the government.

Front 72

Checks and Balances

Back 72

This system keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful or misusing authority. It was developed to form a more perfect union (government).

Front 73

Shared Powers (federal and state)

Back 73

This helps keep the federal government from becoming too powerful. Look at Amendment 10.

Front 74

Legislative Branch

Back 74

It is the law-making branch. Powers are given to Congress. Congress can raise an army and a navy, declaring war, coining and printing money, making laws for trade. There are two branches: House of Representatives (435 representatives) and the Senate (2 senators).

Front 75

Executive Branch

Back 75

This branch enforces the laws. The President is the chief executive. A person must be 35 years of age or older, born in the United States, and lived in the United States for 14 years. The President is elected to a four-year term.

Front 76

Judicial Branch

Back 76

The judicial branch is the court system. They decide whether laws are working fairly. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. There are nine Supreme Court justices.

Front 77

Federalists

Back 77

Citizens who favored the Constitution and a strong national government.

Front 78

Anti-Federalists

Back 78

Citizens who were not in favor of the Constitution or a strong national government.

Front 79

Bill of Rights

Back 79

Ten amendments were added to the Constitution to protect the rights of the people. These amendments, called the Bill of Rights, became part of the Constitution in 1791.

Front 80

Amendment 1

Back 80

You have the freedoms of: speech, religion, press, petition, and assemble (meet together)

Front 81

Amendment 2

Back 81

You have the right to own and to bear arms (weapons).

Front 82

Amendment 3

Back 82

The government cannot force you to keep soldiers in your home during peaceful times.

Front 83

Amendment 4

Back 83

You can or cannot be searched or seized without a warrant based on a good reason.

Front 84

Amendment 5

Back 84

You can't be tried twice for the same crime. You don't have to testify against yourself.

Front 85

Amendment 6

Back 85

You have a right to a fair and speedy trial. You have the right to find witnesses to support you and to have a lawyer to defend you.

Front 86

Amendment 7

Back 86

You have the right to a trial by jury. There are 12 jurors on a jury.

Front 87

Amendment 8

Back 87

No cruel or unusual punishment are not allowed.

Front 88

Amendment 9

Back 88

You have other rights that are not listed in the Constitution.

Front 89

Amendment 10

Back 89

The federal government may have only the powers given to it by the Constitution. Any other powers belong to the states and to the people.

Front 90

Crispus Attucks

Back 90

He was an African American sailor that was killed during the Boston Massacre.

Front 91

Townshend Acts

Back 91

Parliament passed taxes on imports such as glass, tea, paint, and paper that were brought into the colonies.

Front 92

French and Indian War

Back 92

Both Britain and France were fighting over the Ohio Valley. This led to the French and Indian War. Britain defeated France in the War.

Front 93

Triangular Trade Routes

Back 93

Routes connected England, the English colonies, and Africa. export- goods leaving import- goods brought into a country

Front 94

John Hancock

Back 94

He was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. He wrote his name large enough for the king to read without his glasses.