Social Studies Key Terms Unit 4

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Set up by the Puritans because they wanted to create a new society based on biblical laws and teachings.

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Puritans

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members of the Church of England- wanted to reform the church

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General Court

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An assembly in Massachusetts Bay Colony- Puritan church members elected representatives

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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The government of Connecticuit- gave the vote to all men who were property owners, including those who were not church members and limited the governor’s power- much like massachusetts bay colony but different in 2 important ways

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Religious Tolerance

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a willingness to let others practice their own beliefs

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Charles I

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King of England starting in 1625- disapproved of the Puritans and their ideas. He canceled Puritan business carters and even had a few Puritans jailed.

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Town meeting

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where settlers in Massachusetts Bay Colony would vote on issues such as what roads should be built

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Sabbath

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The Puritans Holy day of rest

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John Winthrop

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The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Great Migration

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the journey of about 15,000 woman, men and children from England to Massachusetts.

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Thomas Hooker

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The man who founded connnecticut

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Hartford

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The town where Thomas Hooker and about 100 setters reached along the Connecticut River

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Roger Williams

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A man who challenged the leaders of Massachusetts bay. He was the young minister of Salem but his ideas alarmed the Puritan leaders. He believed in religious tolerance so he fled form the colony and founded Rhode Island where he practiced his ideas.

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Anne Hutchinson

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A Puritan woman who the Puritan leaders grew angry at because they believed her opinions were full of religious errors. She was ordered to appear before the Massachusetts General Court. She made a big mistake and said that God spoke through her, so she was ordered out of the colony and moved to Rhode Island.

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Metacom

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Also known as King Phillip, who was chief of the Wampanoag lands. His people attacked villages throughout New England.

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the common

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an open field where cattle grazed

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meeting house

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where Puritans worshiped and held town meetings.

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Patroon

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Owners of huge estates

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Proprietary Colony

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When parts of and was given to people by the king in exchange for a yearly payment

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Royal Colony

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A colony under the direct control of the English crown

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Quakers

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One of the most despised religious groups in England- believed that all people were equal

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Pennsylvania Dutch

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German speaking Protestants

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Cash Crops

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Wheat, burley and rye because they were sold for money at market

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William Penn

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founder of Pennsylvania

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Peter Stuyvesant

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Governor of New Netherland

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Duke of York

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Owner of the New Netherland (New York)- made it a proprietary colony

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the “holy experiment”

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the colony of Pennsylvania

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Philadelphia

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Capital of Pennsylvania

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The Great Wagon Road

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An Iriquois trial that settlers followed

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Mason-Dixon Line

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divided the middle colonies and southern colonies

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Act of Toleration

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A law that provided religious freedom for all Christians- did not extend to Jews

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Bacon’s Rebellion

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Nathaniel Bacon organized angry men and women on the frontier. He raided Native villages and burned the capital of Jamestown

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Indigo

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a plant used to make valuable dye

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Debtor

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people who owed money

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Slave Code

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laws that set out rules for slaves’ behavior and denied them their basic rights

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Racism

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the belief that one race is superior to another

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Sir George Calvert

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He persuaded King Charles I to grant him land for a colony in the Americas- ruined his career in England by becoming Roman Catholic and wanted to set up a colony where Catholics could practice their religion freely

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Lord Baltimore

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Sir George Calvert’s son. When Calvert died, Lord Baltimore took his place in setting up the colony of Maryland

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Chesapeake Bay

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Where the settlers of Maryland landed

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St. Mary’s

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Settlers of Maryland knew about Jamestown’s trouble with swampy lowlands and they built their first town, (St. Mary’s) in a drier location

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Margaret and Mary Brent

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sisters who came to Maryland in 1638. They set up 2 plantations of 1,000 acres each. Margaret them helped prevent a rebellion among the governor’s soldiers

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Nathaniel Bacon

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led Bacon’s Rebellion, then died, and the rebellion ended

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Charles Town

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largest South Caroline settlement

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James Oglethorpe

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founder of Georgia- wanted to settle a colony where debtors could start fresh

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Savannah

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colony of georgias first settlement built on savannah river

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The Tidewater

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land washed by ocean tides where Georgian settlers planted- along rivers and creaks region was known as tide water

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The Backcountry

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more democratic than the tidewater- base of Appalachian mountains -men hunted game and women cooked meals- difference between tidewater and backcountry was slavery only a few slaved Africans worked on the smaller farms in the backcountry

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The Middle Passage

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passage of slave ships across the atlantic oceans

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Mercantilism

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The belief that England had- colonies should benefit the home country

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Exports

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goods that are brought out of the country

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Navigation Acts

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The rule that the English Colonies could only trade with England. Controlled the trade

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Triangular trade

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a trade route that had 3 legs of the journey

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Imports

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goods that are brought into a country

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Yankees

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a nickname given to merchants from New England- they were clever and hard working

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Legislature

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A group of people who have the power to make laws

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Glorious Revolution

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Parliament removed King James II from throne

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Bill of rights

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a written list of freedoms the government promises to protect

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English Bill of Rights

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protected the rights of individuals and gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury. Also said that a ruler could not raise taxes or an army without approval of Parliament

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Gentry

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Top of the social class- included planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers and royal officials. They could afford to dress in the latest fashions from London

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Middle Class

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Middle social class- included farmers, skilled craftsworkers, and some tradespeople

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Indentured Servant

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Bottom of the social class. Signed contracts to work without wages for a period of 407 years for anyone who would pay their ocean passage to the Americas. When their term had ended they received freedom does- a set of cloths, tools and 50 acres of land. Some became successful and rose to middle class

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Gullah

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A combination of English and West African languages

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Great Awakening

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A religious movement in the 1730’s and 1740’s. It aroused bitter debate. People who supported the movement often split away from their old churches to form new ones. Also spread democratic feelings in the colonies

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Public Schools

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Schools supported by taxes. They allowed both rich and poor children to receive an education

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Tutors

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Private teachers. Only wealthy people could afford them

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Apprentice

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Worked for a master to learn a trade of a craft. They would live with the master for a few months while learning the craft. In return, the apprentice worked in the masters shop without pay and learned the skills he needed to set up his own shop.

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Dame School

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Private schools run by women in their homes. Only girls could attend.

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Enlightenment

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A movement that was started due to the belief that reason and scientific methods could he applied to the study of human behavior. They believed in the light of human reason.

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Libel

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The act of publishing a statement that may unjustly damage a persons reputation.

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Negro Election Day

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An American custom that blended traditions from Africa and England. Each year at about the time when white New Englanders voted for their colonial government, Africans elected a leader of their community.

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Jonathan Edwards

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A preacher who helped set off the Great Awakening. He called on colonists, especially young ones to examine their lives

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George Whitefield

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An English minister who helped spread the movement. He drew huge crowds to outdoor meetings.

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John Locke

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An English philosopher whose writing was widely read in colonies. He said people could gain knowledge of the world by observing and experimenting.

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Benjamin Franklin

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Born in 1706. Although he had only 2 years of formal schooling, he used his spare time to study literature, mathematics and foreign languages. At the age of 17, he made his way to Philadelphia and set up a successful printing business. He wanted to use reason to improve the world around him. He invented many practical devices

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John Peter Zenger

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Published a weekly journal in NYC. In 1734 he was arrested for publishing stories that criticized the governor. He was put on a trial for libel. His lawyer argued that since the stories were true, his client had not committed libel. The just agreed and freed him.

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Poor Richards Almanack

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Benjamin Franklins most popular publication- contained usefull information and clever quotes.