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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
abolitionist |
a person who is against slavery
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adequacy
|
sufficiency; enough to be considered acceptable
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alien
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a person living in the United States who is not an American citizen.
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allies
|
countries that help each other
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Allies
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all the nations who fought Germany and its supporters in World Wars I and II.
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amendment
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an addition or change
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annual percentage rate (APR)
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the percent of interest a lender changes per year
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apartheid
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a policy in South Africa that separated black Africans from white society.
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appeal
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to bring a court decision from a lower court to be reexamined in a higher court
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apprentice
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someone who learns a trade from an expert called a master.
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apprenticeship
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a period of training that includes on-the-job training.
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aquifer
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an underground layer of rock or earth that holds water
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assumption
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a statement accepted as true without proof; a belief
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bachelor's degree
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a degree earned after a four-year college education
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bar graph
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a graph used to make comparisons
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barbarian
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a person considered to be inferior and ignorant
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bill
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a proposed law
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Bill of Rights
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the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, listing the rights of individuals.
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bloc
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a group of nations that acts together for military, political, or economic purposes.
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boycott
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to protest by refusing to use a service or to buy a certain item.
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broadcast
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the sending of a radio or TV program by radio waves.
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budget
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a detailed plan showing earnings and expenses over a period of time.
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campaign
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a series of events designed to get people to vote a certain way.
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candidae
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a person who runs for public office.
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capital
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money, assets, or property used for investment
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cash crop
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a crop grown for sale rather than for personal use
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cause
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why something happens
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cease-fire
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a pause in fighting
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century
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a period of 100 years
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charter
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a plan that sets up an organization and defines its purpose
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checks and balances
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the idea that each branch of a government has powers that limit the other branches' power.
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child labor
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the practice of using children as workers
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chronometer
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a very accurate clock
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circle graph
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graph used to show parts of a whole; also known as a pie chart
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civics
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the branch of political science that deals with the right and duties of citizens
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civilian
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a person not in military or government service
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civilization
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the society and culture of a particular group, place, or period.
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civil rights
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freedoms guaranteed to citizens, including the right to be treated equally
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civil war
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a war between people who live in the same country
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climate
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the general weather of a region over a long time
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Cold war
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the struggle for world power between the United States and the Soviet Union
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colony
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a settlement or group of settlements far from the home country
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communicate
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to exchange information
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communism
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a political and economic system that does away with private property and places production under government control
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compare
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to tell how people, events, or things are alike
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composer
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a person who writes music
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composing
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producing rich organic matter by letting food waste and plants decay
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computer
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an electronic machine for processing, storing, and recalling information.
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conclusion
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a logical judgment based on facts
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Confederacy
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the southern states during the American Civil War
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conquistador
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Spanish word menaing "conqueror"
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conservative
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a person who wants to maintain traditional and established values and practices
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Constitution
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the paln for the United States government, proposed in 1787
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consumenr
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a person who buys and uses goods and services
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containment
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a policy to prevent the spread
of communism to other nations |
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context
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1. the rest of the words in a sentence
2. one particular sistuation |
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contrast
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to tell how people,events, and things are different
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cooperative
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people who join together to ensure the best price for their products
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corporation
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a business owned by stockholders
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crude oil
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untreated oil
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culture
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customs or way of life
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currency
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a kind of money
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current
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part of any body of water that flows in a definite direction
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deadlocked
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unable to agree; a tie vote
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defense contract
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agreement that government makes with a private company that produces weapons and supplies needed by the military
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defense industry
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companies that produce military supplies
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deferment
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a temporary postponement of military service
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demand
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the amount of goods or services consumenrs are willing to buy at a certain price at a given time
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democracy
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a system of government in which the power to make choices belongs to the people
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desertification
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the turning of profitable land into desert
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detail
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small piece of information
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diagram
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a drawing that shows steps in a process or how something is organized
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diplomat
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a person who handles relations between nations
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displaced
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forced to leave ones home, often by climate change, natural disaster, or war
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discrimination
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the unequal and unfair treatment of a person or group
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drought
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a long period of unusually dry weather
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draft
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a system of required military service
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due
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process steps in the legal process that protect the rights of an accused person
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duty
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a tax collected on goods brought into a country and sometimes on goods sent out of a country
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dynasty
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a family of rulers whose generations govern one after another over a long time
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e-mail
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a message a writer sends electronically using a computer
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economics
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the study of how people use their resources to meet their needs
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ecotourism
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travel that appeals to people with environmental interests
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effect
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what happens as the result of a cause
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efficiency
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the state of being productive without wasting time, money, or energy
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elastic demand
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a willingness to buy that increase or decrease as the price of good or service changes
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elastic supply
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an amount of good or dervice that increases or decreases as the price changes
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elevation
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the height of the land above sea level
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Emancipation Proclamation
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the statement made by President Abraham Lincoln declaring freedom for slaves in states fighting against the Union during the American Civil War
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empire
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a group of widespread territories or nations under a single ruler or government
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entitlement
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a government program, such as food stamps or veterans' pensions, available to people who meet its requirements
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environment
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all of the living and nonliving things that make up a place
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equator
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an imaginary circle exactly halfway between the North and South poles
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estimate
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to guess an amount based on past experience
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excise tax
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tax on a specific item, such as cigarettes, alcohol, or gasoline
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executive branch
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the branch of government that carries out the laws
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export
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1) to send and sell a nation's goods to other nations
2) a good produced in one country and sent to another country for sale |
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fact
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a statement of something that can be proved
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federal deficit
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the amount of money the national government spends in excess of its income
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federal government
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the government with authority over the entire Unted States
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fixed expenses
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costs thst stay the same each month
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flat tax
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an income tax under which everyone pays the same percentage of his or her wages
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flexible expenses
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costs that vary from month to month
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free enterprise system
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an economic system in which buyers affect which goods and services are produced
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free trade
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importing and exporting without political barriers, such as tariffs or taxes.
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general election
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a regularly scheduled election for state, local, or federal officials
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geography
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the study of Earth's places and peoples
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glacier
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a huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land
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glossary
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an alphabetical listing of important words and their definitions
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government
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the system of laws and political bodies that make it possible for nation, a state, or a community to function
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graph
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a drawing that is used to compare numerical information
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gross national product(GNP)
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the money value of all good, sevices, and products of a nation's industries.
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groundwater
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an underground source of water, such as a spring, well, pond, or aquifer
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guerrilla
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a fighter or style of fighting that uses irregular and indeoendent tactics
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gun control
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legal limits on the sale of guns to the public
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hasty generalization
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a broad statement based on little or no evidence
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hazardous waste
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something thrown away that is harmful to the environment
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iceberg
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a huge block of floating ice that has broken off from a glacier
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immigrant
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a person who moves from his or her homeland to another country
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immune
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protected against a disease
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impeach
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to accuse a public official of misconduct; sometimes to additionally remove that public official from office
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implied
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suggested, but not stated outright
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import
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1) to bring in or purchase goods from another country
2) a good brought into a country from another country |
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incentive
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a reason for action
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income tax
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a tax on person's earnings
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indentured servant
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a person who works for a set period of time in exchange for something of value, such as fare to another country
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indict
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to formally charge someone with a crime
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inelastic demand
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a willingness to buy that is not affacted when the price of good or service changes
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inelastic supply
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an amount of good or service that cannot change
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inference
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an idea a person figures out based on details in given material and on what the person already knows
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interdependent
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several parts, such as nations, relying on one another to be successful
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interest
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the fee paid for borrowing money
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interned
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to be forced to live in a camp away from home
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internet
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a network of computers connected by telephone lines
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internship
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a temporary job assignment
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job rotation
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a system that trains workers in many tasks so they can step into otherjobs when the need arises
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job shadowing
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following a worker on a typical day to observe his or her job responsibilities
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judicial branch
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the branch of government that interprets laws
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judicial review
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the federal courts' power to determine whether a law or an excutive action follows the Constitution
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justice
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1) fair and equal treatment under the law
2) a judge who serves on Supreme Court |
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labor force
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all the people capable of working
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labor union
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a group of workers organized to improve working conditions and to protect the interests of its members
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inelastic demand
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a willingness to buy that is not affacted when the price of good or service changes
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inelastic supply
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an amount of good or service that cannot change
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inference
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an idea a person figures out based on details in given material and on what the person already knows
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interdependent
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several parts, such as nations, relying on one another to be successful
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interest
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the fee paid for borrowing money
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interned
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to be forced to live in a camp away from home
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internet
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a network of computers connected by telephone lines
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internship
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a temporary job assignment
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job rotation
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a system that trains workers in many tasks so they can step into otherjobs when the need arises
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job shadowing
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following a worker on a typical day to observe his or her job responsibilities
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judicial branch
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the branch of government that interprets laws
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judicial review
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the federal courts' power to determine whether a law or an excutive action follows the Constitution
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justice
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1) fair and equal treatment under the law
2) a judge who serves on Supreme Court |
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labor force
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all the people capable of working
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labor union
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a group of workers organized to improve working conditions and to protect the interests of its members
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landfill
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a palce where trash id buried
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laser
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a narrow beam of intense light
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latitude
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distance north or south of the equator
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legislative branch
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the branch of government that makes laws
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legislature
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a group of persons that makes the laws of nation or state
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liberal
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a person who supposrts political change
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line graph
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a graph using lines to show how something increses or decreses over time
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literate
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able to read and write
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logic
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a systemic method of thinking that is based on reasoning corrrectly
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longitude
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distance east or west on earth, measured from the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England; also called meridians
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main idea
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the topic of a paragraph, passage, or diagram
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market
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1) a palce where buyers and sellers meet
2) potential customers for a product or service |
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master
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an experienced tradesperson
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media
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agencies of communication, such as televison, radis, newspapers, and magazines
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mediator
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a person who settles differences between persons or groups
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mentoring
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teaching a less experienced person about a job through example and discussion
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meridians
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the lines on a map or globe that are used to measure distances east and west on Earth; lines of longitude
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microchip
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a tiny electrical circuit
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migrate
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to move from one place to another
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minutemen
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American colonists who were ready to fight a minute's notice
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mission
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a settlement centered around a church, established for purpose of winning people over to religion
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navigator
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a person who charts the position and course of a ship during a voyage
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net income
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money left after taxes are paid
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neutral
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refusing to be on one side or the other
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nominate
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to choose a canditate to run for an elected office
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opinion
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a statement that expresses what a person or group thinks or believes
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opportunity cost
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the cost of choosing one thing over another
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orchestra
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a large group of people who plays a variety of musical instruments together
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ordinance
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a law or regulation
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override
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to cancel the excutive branch's veto or rejection of a proposed law
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overgrazing
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the practice of letting too many animals feed on an area's grasses of of letting animals feed in one place for too long
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paralles
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the lines on a map or globe that are used to measure distances from the equator; lines of latitude
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parliament
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a lawmaking body
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peasant
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a poor person who owns or rents a small piece of land that he or she farms, especially in poorer countries
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pendulum
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a suspended weight, usually in a clock, that swings back and forth at regular intervals
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persuasive
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intended to encourage people to have certain opinion or to take a certain action
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point of view
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how someone feels or thinks
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political action committee(PAC)
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a group that gives money to candidates who have interests similar to its own
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political cartoon
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a drawing that expresses an opinion about an issue
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political map
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a map that focuses on showing boundaries, such as those between countries or states
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political party
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a group of people who have similar ideas about an issue
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politics
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ideas and actions of government
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precipitation
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moisture that falls to Earth as rain, snow, or some other form
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predicting outcomes
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trying to figure out what the results of events will be
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primary election
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an election to choose delegates to the nominating convention at which a political party decides on candidates to run for office in the general election
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prime minister
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the head of parliament
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probable cause
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good reason to link a suspect with a crime and to make an arrest
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profit
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to make money by selling something at higher price than the original cost
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progressive tax
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a plan under which the percentage of person's wages paid as income tax increses as the wages increse
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property tax
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tax on value of something that person owns
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protectionist
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supporting tariffs on imports to protect a nation's own produces of goods and services
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province
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a political region in some countries that is similar to a state in the United States
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pueblo
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Native American settlements with apartment-like buildings
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quality circle
|
a group of workers who check the quality of products and services they produce
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quota
|
a set limit of something such as imports
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racist
|
favoring one race of people over another
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recycling
|
reusing solid and non-solid waste for the same or new purposes
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reformer
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a person who works to change things for the better
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regiment
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a large military group
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region
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an area thet differs in one or more ways from the places around it
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register
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to complete a form with such things as name, address, and date of birthin order to vote
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reparations
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money paid to make up for damages, such as suffering during wartime
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repeal
|
to take back or do away with something, such as a law
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republic
|
1) a self-governing territory usually headed by a president
2) a government in which the power is given to elected officials who represent the people |
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revenue
|
income collected or produced
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sales tax
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tax on a purchase
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sanction
|
an economic or military measure used to force a nation to stop violating an international law or human right
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scale
|
a set of marks that compares the distance on a map to actual diatance
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scarce
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describes a limited supply of something that is in demand
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self-defence
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to defend oneself or one's property
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seperation of powers
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a system that divides the functions of government among independent branches so that no one branch becomes too powerful
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sequence
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a series of events that follow one another in particular order
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service industry
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business that employes people who meet the needs of other people
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smallpox
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a deadly disease that has been virtually eliminated through vaccination
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soft money
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money donated to a political party for supposedly nonpolitical uses, and which is not subject to the limitations on campaign contributions
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sound
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a long, wide ocean inlet
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stock market
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a palce where shares in companies are bought and sold
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strike
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to stop work in protest
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suffrage
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the right to vote
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summmarize
|
to reduce a large amount of information into a few sentences
|
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supply
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the amount of goods and services sellers are willing to offer at certain prices at a given time
|
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switchboard
|
a device for controlling, connecting, and disconnectiong many telephone lines within one building or location
|
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table
|
a type of list that organizes information in columns and rows
|
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tariff
|
a tax on imports
|
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technology
|
the tools and methods used to increse production
|
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telecommunications
|
ways to send messages over long distances
|
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timeline
|
an illustration that shows when a series of events took place and the order in which they occurred
|
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topic sentences
|
the specific sentence in a paragraph that contains its main idea
|
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topsoil
|
the soil on Earth's surface, in which the root of most plants ususlly take hold
|
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trade deficit
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the value of the nation's imports that exceeds the value of the nation's exports
|
|
transistor
|
a small device that controls the floe of the electricity in electronic devices
|
|
tree line
|
the beginning of an area where temperatures are too cold for trees to grow
|
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tropics
|
the area on Earth that receives almost direct rays from the sun year-round
|
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tundra
|
a treeless region with a thin layer of solid over permanently frozen earth
|
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Union
|
the northern states during the American Civil War
|
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union
|
see labor union
|
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U.S.history
|
history of the area now knows as the United States of America
|
|
vaccination
|
a injection that protects a person from a disease
|
|
values
|
ideas or qualities that people feel are important, right, and good
|
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vegetation
|
the plants that grow naturally in an area
|
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veto
|
to refuse to sign a bill into law
|
|
warrant
|
a document that permits a police search in connection with a crime
|
|
work ethic
|
the belief in the value of work, demonstrated through commitment to job responsibilities
|
|
world history
|
history of all of the people and nations of Earth
|