Social Studies Eleven Student Workbook Chapter Six

Front 1

swinging sixties

Back 1

term used to refer to the decade of 1960's when many cultural changes took place

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United Nations (UN)

Back 2

the world organization, created in April 1945 in San Francisco by 50 countries led by Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States, which had four goals: >keeping world peace and prevention new wars;
>encouraging cooperation among nations;
>defending human rights and helping to promote equality;
>and improving the standard of living for all nations

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General Assembly

Back 3

>representation of all UN member states, each of which has one vote
>a two-thirds majority is sufficient for a decision on important issues
>was empowered to discuss and make recommendations on any matter likely to affect world peace

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Security Council

Back 4

>is responsible for maintaining world peace
>has the power to force the members of the UN to carry out its decisions
>consisted of the five victors of the WWII as permanent members (China, France, United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union) and ten other countries serving two-year terms

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veto power

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power to choose to block any decision

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Secretary General

Back 6

the chief administrative officer of the UN

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secretariat

Back 7

a branch of UN made up of thousands of clerks, interpreters, translators, and technical experts

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International Court of Justice

Back 8

>also known as the World Court
>located in The Hague in the Netherlands
>makes rulings on disputes submitted by members, when the members have agreed to abide by its rulings
>gives legal advice to the Assembly and the Security Council

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John Humphrey

Back 9

a Canadian who is often given credit for drafting the Charter of the United Nations

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Lester (Bowles) Pearson

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>a Canadian who played a key role in solving some of the problems faced by the UN
>received the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to resolve the Suez Crisis

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bipolar world

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world with two superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union

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Cold War

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>ideological struggle of ideas between the United States and the Soviet Union
>fought using propaganda, espionage, and economic and political pressures
>no physical combat occurred
>characterized by ever-present fear of a nuclear war

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policy of containment

Back 13

the American policy of containing or halting the spread of communism, by providing economic aid and military support to people threatened by communism

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domino theory

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American theory that once one country is pulled into the Communist camp, all surrounding countries will be soon to follow

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Satellite States

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term used to refer to the six countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) absolutely controlled by the Soviet Union

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Iron Curtain

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the border in Europe that divides communist and non-communist states, declared by Winston Churchill in 1946

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Truman Doctrine

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the policy declared by the United States in 1947 to support free peoples around the world who are resisting subjugation

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Marshall Plan

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American plan that offered billions of dollars in aid to worn-torn European economies to help them resist the advance of communism

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Gouzenko Affair

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the incident in 1945, Canada, in which a young clerk with the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Igor Gouzenko, asked Canada for political asylum in return for giving the Canadian government documents that proved that the Soviet Union was operation two spy rings in Canada

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Red Scare

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massive fear of communism

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Berlin Blockade Crisis (June 1948)

Back 21

>resulted when the western powers decided to introduce a new currency into West Germany, which the Soviet Union refused to accept in Berlin
>Soviet Union counteracted the currency reform by blockading the transportation corridors, which allowed the west to send supplies to West Berlin

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Berlin Airlift (June 1948)

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>in response to Berlin Blockade Crisis, the West countered with a massive airlift supplying the western sectors of Berlin for fifteen months with all necessary supplies
>West Berlin was a city of some 2.5 million citizens, and everything they needed war imported by aircraft
>As the 15-month period was drawing to a close, the Soviets realized that the blockade was simply not working
>As a result, two separate governments for Berlin were created

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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intergovernmental military alliance which constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its members states to agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party

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Warsaw Pact

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a defensive alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite states, developed in response to NATO in 1955

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nuclear parity

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the equality in which the NATO and Warsaw Pact tried to maintain a balance of power so that each would have approximately the same level of nuclear arnaments

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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

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the belief that when one country attacks the other, it would be attacked in return

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Korean War (1950-1953)

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>Korea was divided after the Japanese surrender in 1945; the North became communist, while the South, democratic
>In 1950, over 100,000 North Korean troops, supported by Soviet-built tanks and aircraft, invaded South Korea
>United States demanded that the United Nations come to the defense of South Korea
>in July 1953, although both sides agreed to an armistice, Korea remained divided between the North and the South

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Suez Crisis (1956)

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>Egyptian President Nasser seized the Suez Canal (a vital trade route) from Britain and France, who in response, joined with Israel to attack Egypt.
>The Soviet Union sided with Egypt and demanded that they withdraw.
>Lester Pearson, acting as Canada's Minister of External Affairs, went to the United Nations and suggested creating a United Nations Emergency Force that would keep the combatants apart while a settlement to the Suez Crisis was worked out.
>As a result, battle forces were withdrawn and replaced with UN peacekeeping forces.

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United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF)

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military force formed by Lester Pearson in response to Suez Crisis

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Back 30

>United States spotted Soviet missiles in Cuba through aerial surveillance
>The Untied States set up a naval blockade around Cuba, thereby defying Soviet ships to continue bringing in missiles to Cuba
>Soviet ships, protected by Soviet submarines, steamed toward Cuba
>American President Kennedy and Soviet leader Khrushchev wrote letters in which the Soviets promised to remove the missiles if the Americans would issue a promise not a invade Cuba

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John (Fitzgerald) Kennedy

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>the 35th President of the United States
>assassinated on November 22nd 1963 in Dallas, Texas, by Lee Harvey Oswald

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Vietnam War (1954-1975)

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>In 1954, Vietnam was divided between the North, held by the Communist government led by Ho Chi Minh, and the South, which was anti-Communist and partially democratic
>South Vietnam was allied with the United States and soon the fighting escalated to include Communist countries that supported the North
>