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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
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fascism
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a national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity
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internationalism
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the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down
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brinkmanship
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a systematic attempt to overthrow a government by using persons working secretly from within
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subversion
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______ corporation; large corporations with overseas investments
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multinational
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the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons
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flexible response
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the practice of teaching immigrant students in their own language
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bilingualism
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a person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom
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conservative
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reducing a company in size by laying off workers and managers to become more efficient
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downsizing
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a person who generally believes the government should take an active role in the economy and in social programs but that the government should not dictate social behavior
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liberal
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the expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of ethnic minorities by a dominant majority group
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ethnic cleansing
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the basic currency shared by the countries of the European Union since 1999
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euro
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nuclear ______; the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations
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proliferation
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______ terrorism; violent acts against civilians that are secretly suported by a government in order to attack other nations without going to war
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state sponsored
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the use of violence by non-governmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal by instilling fear and frightening governments into changing policies
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terrorism
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an act of rebellion against the established government
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insurrection
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an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person
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corporation
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an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government
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political machine
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the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
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segregation
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the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over smaller or weaker nation
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imperialism
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relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China
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détente
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belief that people in a territory should have the ability to choose their own government
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self-determination
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the act of granting pardon to a large group of people
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amnesty
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Factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect
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independent variable
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Stress and health are thought to have a(n) ____________________ ____________________ since stress goes up as health deteriorates, or goes down.
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negative correlation
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Form of learning based on the consequences of actions
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operant conditioning
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Stimulus that causes an automatic response
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unconditioned stimulus
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The form of learning that keeps knowledge hidden until it is needed is called ____________________ ____________________.
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latent learning
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The type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others is called ____________________ ____________________.
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observational learning
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Method of repeating information over and over to keep from forgetting it
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maintenance rehearsal
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Method of remembering information by relating it to information already known
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elaborative rehearsal
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Information stored as a(n) ____________________ code is stored according to its meaning.
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semantic
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Changing the thoughts one has in a particular situation
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cognitive restructuring
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Test question that shows if the test taker is answering questions honestly
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validity scale
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Cluster of symptoms that define or describe an illness in a cultural context
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culture-bound syndrome
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Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety caused by traumatic experience
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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The condition that results from limited resources combined with unlimited wants.
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Scarcity
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alternatives that must be given up when one is chosen over another.
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Trade-off
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a rise in the general level of prices.
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Inflation
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economic system in which private citizens own and use the factors of production in order to generate profits.
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Capitalism
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desire, ability, and willingness to buy a product.
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Demand
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a measure of responsiveness that ells us how a dependent variable such as quantity responds to an independent variable such as price.
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Elasticity
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the amount of a product that would be offered for sale at all possible prices that could prevail in the market.
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Supply
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the lowest legal wage that can be paid to most workers
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Minimum Wage
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any substance that serves as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a store of value.
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Money
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the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year.
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Gross Domestic Product
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the quality of life based on the possession of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.
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Standard of Living
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a state of the economy with large numbers of unemployment, supply shortages, and excess capacity in manufacturing plants.
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Depression
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people available for work who made a specific effort to find a job during the past month and who, during the most recent survey week, worked less than one hour for pay.
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Unemployed
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privately owned, publicly controlled, central bank of the United States.
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Federal Reserve System
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government administrators
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Bureaucracy
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a complex network of voluntary associations, economic groups, religious organizations, and many other kinds of groups that exist independent of government
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Civil Society
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a person whom a member of Congress has been elected to represent
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Constituent
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government in which the people rule
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Democracy
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the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations without arousing hostility
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Diplomacy
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a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
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Federalism
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the institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens
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Government
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elected official that is already in office
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Incumbent
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the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
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Judicial Review
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the authority of a court to rule on certain cases
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Jurisdiction
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the legal process by which a person is granted citizenship
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Naturalization
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the effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government
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Politics
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a government in which voters hold sovereign power; elected representatives, responsible to the people, exercise that power
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Republic
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the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries
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Sovereignty
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the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society
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assimilation
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knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society
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culture
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judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards
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ethnocentrism
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the process of learning to participate in a group
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socialization
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the ability to see the link between society and self
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sociological imagination
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broad ideas about what is good and desirable shared by people in society
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values
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a distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified image applied to a category of people
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stereotype
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rewards or punishment that encourage conformity to social norms
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social sanctions
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anything that stands for something else and has an agreed upon meaning attached to it
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symbol
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behavior that departs from societal or group norms
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deviance
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The exact position of a place on the earth's surface.
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Absolute Location
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A center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward.
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Cultural Hearth
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The complex community of interdependent living things in a given environment.
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Ecosystem
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Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics.
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Ethnic Group
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A central point and the surrounding territory linked to it.
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Functional Region
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Native to a place.
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Indigenous
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Relying on one another for goods, services, and ideas.
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Interdependent
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The average number of people in a square mile or square kilometer.
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Population Density
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The pattern of population in a country, a continent, or the world.
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Population Distribution
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A place united by specific characteristics.
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Region
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Of or relating to people who live in the country.
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Rural
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Producing just enough food for a family or a village to survive.
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Subsistence Agriculture
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Of or located in the city.
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Urban
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Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.
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Appeasement
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Self-governing.
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Autonomous
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A camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions.
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Concentration Camp
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An absolute ruler.
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Dictator
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A person who speaks out against the regime in power.
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Dissident
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An upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another.
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Aristocracy
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A person who uses unexpected maneuvers like sabatoge and subterfuge to fight an enemy
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guerilla
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A limit or reduction in armed forces or weapons.
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Disarmament
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The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols.
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Nationalism
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Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
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Propaganda
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Payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of a war.
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Reparation
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A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
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Socialism
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A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens.
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Totalitarian
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