Social Studies/ Civil Rights Movment

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Jim Crow Laws

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Laws that enforced segregation of the races in public places such as Restaurants, water fountains, and bus stations

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Plessly vs Ferguson

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1896 Supreme Court decision that segregation was legal if "Separate but Equal."

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Literacy tests

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Reading tests used to keep African-Americans from registering to vote

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Poll taxes

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Tax used to prevent African- Americans from registering to vote

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NAACP

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Civil Rights organization formed in the early 1900's to fight discrimination- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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Freedom Riders

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Civil Rights activists who traveled by bus through the southern states to challenge legal segregation terminals

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Brown vs Board of Education

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Unanimous Supreme Court Decision in 1954 that declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessly and declared separate was inherently unequal

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Emmet Till

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African-American teenager from Chicago murdered in Mississippi in 1955 for speaking to a white woman; his death was what signaled the true beginning of the civil rights movement

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SCLC

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Southern Cristian Leadership Conference; a group of ministers organized by Dr. Martin Luther King in 1959 to lead and coordinate protests

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SNCC

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; a group organized to encourage student activism

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Rosa Parks

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Seamstress and NAACP activist arrested in Montgomery, AL in 1945 for refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white person, her arrest led to the bus boycott

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Martin Luther King, Jr

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Baptist minister and leader of the nonviolent direct action civil rights movement

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Gov. George Wallace

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Segregationist Governor of Alabama who opposed all efforts to integrate; said "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

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1955 boycott of city buses organized by civil rights leaders in response to Rosa parks; bus revenues cut by 65%

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Little Rock Nine

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9 black teenagers who integrated Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas in 1957. President Eisenhower called in federal troops to protect them when they faced violence, threats, and abuse

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Sit-in

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Nonviolent method used mostly by students to desegregate restaurants, in which protesters would sit in a seat in the restaurant and refuse to leave

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Medgar Evers

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NAACP official shot and killed in 1963 because of his efforts to register blacks as voters and end segregation in Mississippi

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President John F. Kennedy

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President 1961-1963. Announced his support for sweeping Civil Rights legislation in June, 1963

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President Lyndon B. Johnson

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President 1963-1968. LBJ signed the civil rights act of 1964 and the voting rights act of 1965 into law

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Eugene "Bull" Connor

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Birmingham, Alabama Public Safety Commissioner who orderd his police and firemen ti use force against black nonviolent protesters by using dogs and water cannons

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The Children's Crusade

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When Black children became part of the movement, by protesting, and were arrested

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March on Washington

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Massive demonstration in Washington D.C. in August, 1963, to show support for a civil rights bill, and when Dr. King Delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech

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Freedom Summer

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Voter registration and education effort in Mississippi, 1964; hundreds of students from across the U.S. participated

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Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner

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3 young civil rights workers murdered because of their participation in Freedom Summer in 1964

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Federal law signed by Lyndon B. Johnson banning racial discrimination in the use of public facilities and employment practices

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Malcolm X

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Leader of the nation of Islam; should work for social and economic independence rather than integration

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Bloody Sunday

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March from Selma to Montgomery in 1965, bruttaly stopped by state troopers on orders from Gov. Wallace

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Federal law that ended all legal barriers to Blacks right to vote, signed by LBJ