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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what seas were important for the greeks?
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aegean, ionian, and black sea
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why was sea travel and trade important for the greeks?
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greece was poor in natural resources
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what kind of land was in ancientgreece?
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rugged mountains
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how much of greece did mountains cover?
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3/4
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why was greek never able to support a large population?
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little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation
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what was the climate of greece like?
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varied temperatures
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mycenaeans
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some of the people who migrated from the steppes and settled around the greek mainland
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mycenae
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mycenaeans leading city
located on a steep, rocky ridge and surrounded by a wall |
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bronze age
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2000-1100 bc
kings during this time had bronze weapons |
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crete
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mycenaeans invaded crete, ruled by minoans
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trojan war-people fighting
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mycenaeans vs. troy, city in anatolia
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why was the trojan war fought?
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legend: a greek army besieged and detroyed troy bc a trojan youth had kidnapped helen, wife of greek king
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what is another reason that the trojan war couldve gone on?
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struggle for control of a crucial waterway in the aegean sea
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dorians
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new group of people who moved into this war-torn countryside of mycenae after the trojan war. spoke a dialect of greek and were distant relatives of greeks
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what happened during the dorian age?
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-economy collapsed and trade eventually came to standstill
-greeks temporarily forgot the art of writing during the dorian age -no written records exist |
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homer
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blind man who composed epics about the trojan war
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what 2 epics did homer write?
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The Iliad and The Odyssey
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epics
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narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
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myths
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tradional stories the greeks wrote about their gods
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what were greek gods like?
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they had human qualities..fought and competed w/ each other but lived forever
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what were myths written for?
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sought to understand and explain the mysteries of nature and power of human passions
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polis
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greek city state- a city and its surrounding countryside
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acropolis
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a fortified hilltop in a polis where male citizens fathered to conduct business
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monarchy
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-state ruled by a king
-rule is hereditary -some rulers claim divide right |
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what gov. practiced monarchy?
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practiced in mycenae
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aristocracy
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-state ruled by nobility
-rule is hereditary and based on land ownership -social status and wealth support rulers authority |
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where was aristocracy practiced
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practiced in athens
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oligarchy
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state ruled by small groups of citizens
-rule is based on wealth -ruling group controls military |
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where was an oligarchy practiced
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sparta
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direct democracy
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-state ruled by its citizens
-rule is based on citizenship -majority rule decides vote |
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where was direct democracy practiced?
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athens
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phalanx
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the most pwerful fighting force in the ancient world
-foot soliders called hoplites stood side by side holding a spear in one hand nd a shield in the other |
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tyrant
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powerful individuals who gained control of the government by appealing to the poor and discontenteed for support
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what was different about sparta?
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it built a military state
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helots
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sparta conquered messenia and the messenians became peasants forced to stay on the land they worked. spartans collected yearly crop
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what 2 groups governed sparta?
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1. assembly-composed of all free adult males, elected officials, and voted on major issues
2. council of elders-proposed laws on which assembly voted |
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spartan society
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1. citizens-included ruling families who owned the land
2. noncitizens but free, workers 3. helots 4. slaves |
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education in sparta
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military traning for men
woman played sports but could not vote |
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what were woman in athens expected to do?
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stay home and raise children
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why did spartans have no art?
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they were too into their military
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who were considered citizens in athens?
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-only free adult males
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cylon
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athenian nobleman -established a tyranny in athens and had draco write athens first code of laws
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persian wars who was it between
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between greece and persian empire
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persian wars-why?
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greeks were settled in anatolia but persians conquered the area.greeks won
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consequences of persian wards
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athens became leader of an alliance of 140 city-states called the delian league
drove persians away |
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pericles 3 goals for athens
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1. to strengthen Athenian democracy
2. to hold and strengthen the empire 3. to glorify athens |
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pericles
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wise and able statesman that led athens during its golden age
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how did pericles strengthen democracy?
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-increased number of paid public officials
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what did pericles use money for?
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to enlarge power
build strong navy-needed bc it helped athens strengthen the safety of its empire beautify athens |
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classical art
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art with the standard values of order, balance, and proportion
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phidias
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scuulptor in athens
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tragedy
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-serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal
-featured a main chacter, or tragic hero |
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famous people who wrote tragedies in athens
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aeschylus, sophocles, and euripedes
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comedy
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contained scenes with slap-stick situations and crude humor
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people who wrote comedies
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arisophanes
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peloponnesian war between who?
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athens and sparta
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peloponnesian war-why?
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ATHENS BECAME VAST NAVAL EMPIRE
many people believed war was inevitable..just fought |
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end of peloponnesian war
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athens surrended to sparta and lost its empire, power and wealth
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philosophers
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thinkers in greek determined to seek truth
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what did freekt thinkers base their philosophy on?
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1. universe is put together in an orderly way and subject to absolute and unchanging laws
2. people can understand these laws through logic and reason |
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sophists
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group of philosophers who questioned people's unexamined beliefs and ideas about justice
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socrates
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critic of sophists
believed absolute standards did not exist for truth and justice encouraged greeks to go further and question themselves and their moral character |
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plato
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student of socrates
wrote down convos of socrates wrote The Republic |
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what was platos idea of a perfectly governed society?
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all citizens would fall naturally into three groups:
1. farmers and artisans 2) warriors 3) the ruling class smartest person would be philosopher king |
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aristotle
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philosopher who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge
invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic applied his methods to problems in psychology, physics, and biologytutored alexander, son of king philip of macedonia |
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macedonia
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kingdom just north of greece
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macedonians
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spoke language related to greek
considered themselves greeks but greeks considered them outsiders |
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philip II
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king of macedonia-organized the army
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what did philip plan to do?
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invade greece
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demosthenes
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athenian orator who tried to warn greeks that king philip and his army were gonna unite against them
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after philip conquered greece, what did he plan to invade?
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persia
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why did he never get to invade persia?
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a former guardsman stabbed him to death
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alexander the great
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philips son who became king of macedonia when he died
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did alexander defeat persia?
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yes
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darius III
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king of persian who tried to crush mecedonians but couldnt so he tried to negotiate a peacce settlement but alexander didnt accept and conquered the egyptians
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what happened when alexander went to find darius?
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he found him dead, killed by one of his provincial governors
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what else did aleander conquered?
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capitals of babylon, susa, and persepolis, india
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hellenistic culture
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greek culture that blended with egyptian, persian, and indian influences
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koine
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the popular spoken language used in hellenistic cities like alexandria
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alexandria
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african hhellenistic city-foremost center of commerce and hellenistic civilization
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aristarchus
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atronomer who came up w/ 2 conclusions:
1. the sun was at least 300 times larger than the earth 2. proposed that earth and planets revolve around the sun |
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eratosthenes
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closely calculated the earths true size
director of alexandrian library computed earths circumference |
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euclid
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matmetician who opened a school of geometry in alexandria
wrote elements about geometry compositions and proofs |
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archimedes
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hellenistic scientist who correctly estimated the value of pi
explained the law of lever and created the compound pulley invented archimedes screw |
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zeno
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greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called stoicism
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what did stoics believe?
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a divine power controlled the universe
people shud live in harmony w// natural law human desires, power, and wealth were dangerous distractions |
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epicurus
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founded the school of though called epicureanism
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what did epicurus teach?
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the universe was composed of atoms and ruled by gods who had no interest in humans
only real objects were those perceived by 5 senses proposed that main goal of humans was to achieve harmony of body and mind |
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colossus of rhodes
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bronze statue that stood more than 100 feet high
-was created on the island of rhodes -was one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world -was knocked down by an earthquake |