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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Social Studies
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Various aspects or branches of the study of human society, considered as an educational discipline.
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Civilization
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An advanced state of development n a human society.
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Dynasty
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A succession of rulers from the same family; the period of time during which they ruled.
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Steppes
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A vast, treeless plain of Europe or Asia.
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Loess
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Packed silt that was deposited by glaciers.
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Silt
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Fine dust which can be suspended in water.
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Political Map
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This map shows political borders and the names of towns and cities.
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Physical or Topographical Map
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This map shows the elevations and features such as rivers.
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Thematic Map
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This map displays information for a special purpose. These could be population distributing maps, or maps showing levels of pollution.
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Historic Map
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This map is a thematic map that teaches about the past. It could show the boundaries of an ancient dynasty.
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Society
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A community with agreed upon customs and organization.
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Noble
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A person who receives a high rank in society because of the family they were born into; often the head of a clan.
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Clan
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A group of people who are descended from the same ancestor.
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Surplus
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What is left over after requirements are met (for example, extra crops left over after a farming family meets its needs).
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Thatch
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Straw or reeds.
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Dike
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A construction made to hold back water.
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Silk
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A delicate cloth made from the strands of silk spun by silkworms to make their cocoons.
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Appease
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To soothe or calm; to please.
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Animism
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The belief that natural things, such as trees, rocks, rivers, stars, and specific locations have a spiritual existence as well as a physical one.
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Mandate of Heaven
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The idea that a ruler has the support of the gods as long as he rules correctly.
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Despot
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A person in authority who acts like a tyrant.
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Harmony
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Peaceful co-existence.
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Philosopher
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Someone who seeks wisdom about existence and reality.
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Confucianism
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The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his followers.
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Moral
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Abiding by a set of rulers about right and wrong conduct.
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Ethical
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Making right choices.
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Exile
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Being forced to live far away from one's community or country.
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Treason
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Betrayal of one's country or ruler.
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Alchemist
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An early chemist whose methods would now be considered scientifically unsound.
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Immortality
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Endless life.
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Mercury
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A silver-white metal that is liquid at room temperature.
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Metallurgy
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The science of producing and purifying metals.
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Enlightenment
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Being awake to a great reality, which most people never achieve.
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Meditation
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The act of calming and emptying the mind.
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Monastery
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A community of people devoted to a religious life.
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Nirvana
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In Buddhism, a state completely free from suffering and worldly concerns.
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Central Government
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A government concerned with areas that affect an entire nation or empire, such as defence, taxes and the economy.
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Redistribute
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To reassign ownership.
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Taxes
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Mandatory fees paid to government.
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Public Works
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Major construction projects owned by the government.
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Conscripted Workers
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People forced to become labourers by government.
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Autocratic
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Describing a ruler or government with absolute power, even over life and death.
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Cosmopolitan
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Worldly; global; not bound by one's own culture.
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Tributary State
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A country forced to make regular payments to a more powerful country in exchange for peace or protection.
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Polo
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A game played by two teams on horseback; players use a mallet to hit a ball into the opposing team' s net.
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Regent
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A person who rules for a monarch who is too young, sick, or old to do so.
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Depose
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To remove from power; to dethrone.
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Illiterate
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Unable to read or write.
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Calligraphy
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A disciplined and artistic method of writing using ink and a brush.
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Germanic People
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One of the European peoples that spoke a Germanic languages; for example, the Teutones, Visigoths, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Franks, or Ostrogoths.
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Philosophy
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The pursuit of wisdom through reason.
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Architecture
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The art and science of designing buildings.
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Aqueduct
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An artificial channel for conveying water, often in the form of a bridge supported by tall columns.
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Roman legions
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Roman armed forces.
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Latin
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The language of the Roman; during the Middle Ages, Latin was was a common language for educated Europeans.
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Pax Romana
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Latin phrase meaning "Roman peace"; the long period in which Europeans lived under Roman law without conflict.
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Perspective
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The collective point of view of a specific group.
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Plunder
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To steal by force, especially during war.
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Barbarian
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Originally, a non-Roman person; it later came to mean "an uncultured person" - an insult.
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Celtic Peoples
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A western European culture, including the Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons.
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Social Class
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The group that one belongs to in a society; it can be determined by money, role in society, or parentage.
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Wergild
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A value placed on every person or piece of property within the Salic Code.
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Christianity
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The Christian religion, which in modern times includes the Catholic and Protestant churches, among others.
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Counterfeiter
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A person who makes illegal copies.
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Renaissance
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A rebirth or revival, especially of the arts.
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Epic
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A long poem or story telling about heroic deeds and events.
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Barter
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To trade goods and services instead of paying with money
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Prosperous
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Thriving
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Fjord
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A long, narrow, salt-water bay with high cliffs along its sides.
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Skald
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A Scandinavian poet who recited poems at gatherings.
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Polytheistic
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Believing in multiple gods and goddesses.
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Pagan
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Usually understood to refer to the polytheistic religions of the Greeks, Romans, and Germanic peoples.
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Monotheistic
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Believing in a single god.
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Islam
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The religion of the Muslims
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Judaism
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The religion of the Jews
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Convenant
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A solemn agreement
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Patriarch
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A founding father
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Synagogue
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A place of Jewish worship
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Rabbi
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Jewish religious leader or teacher
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Diaspora
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The scattering of Jews across Europe; also refers to Jewish populations outside Israel.
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Persecute
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To attack people because of their ethnicity or beliefs.
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Crucifixion
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Execution on a cross
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Interest
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A charge for a loan, usually a percentage of the amount loaned.
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Koran (Qur'an)
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the holy book of Islam
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Apostle
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one of the 12 disciples, or supporters, of Jesus.
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Revolutionary
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Causing drastic change
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Martyr
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one who accepts death rather than reject his or her religious beliefs.
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Missionary
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A person sent by a church to convert people.
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Monastic Class
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The community of monks living in monasteries.
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Fief
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An estate granted to a lord in exchange for loyalty and service.
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Feudalism
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Legal and military customs that ordered society in medieval Europe.
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Contract
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A formal agreement
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Vassal
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A landholder who is subordinate to another.
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Relic
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A bone or fragment of clothing associated with a saint
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Lord of the Manor
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The tenant of a noble, who has the inherited right to run a manor and profit from it.
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Serf
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Peasant who worked the land for the lord.
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Freeholder
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A person who owns the land worked
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Obligation
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Duty, responsibility
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Tenant-in-chief
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Baron, a king's vassal
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Self-sufficient
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Independent
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Fletch
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The process of fitting feathers on arrows.
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Ward
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An orphan who is put in another person's care until he or she becomes an adult.
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Excommunicate
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To cancel a person's membership in the Church; an excommunicated person could no longer participate in religious ceremonies such as marriage.
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Tithe
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Money or crops given to the Church, worth about one-tenth of a person's income.
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Religious Orders
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A group of men or women who make a solemn promise to live under certain religious rules.
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Chastity
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Virtue; modesty; doing without sex
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Illuminate
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The process of adding elaborate decoration and illustrations to a manuscript.
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Sentence
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Punishment given by a court to someone found guilty of a crime.
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Ordeal
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Dreadful experience
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Stocks
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A wooden frame with holes for confining the ankles and wrists, used for punishment.
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Blasphemy
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Using God's name wrongly, as an insult or curse.
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Heresy
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Any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, such as those of the Church.
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Interdict
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An official act of the Catholic Church that keeps a person a group of people from participating in religious ceremonies.
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Canonize
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To declare that a person is a saint
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Shrine
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A place of worship associated with a saint
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Worldview
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A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or society.
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Crusades
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Military expeditions made by Europeans to gain control of the Holy Land.
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Sacred
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Holy, important to a religion
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Apprentice
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A person learning a trade by working for a master.
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Master
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A person recognized by a his or her guild as skilled in a particular trade
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Journeyman
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A person who has served an apprenticeship and works in a trade under supervision by a master
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Pageant
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An elaborate entertainment displaying scenes from history
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Bear Baiting
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A public spectacle in which dogs torment a chained bear
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Parish
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A small church district with its own church and priest
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Tutor
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A private teacher
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Town Charter
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A document authorizing a town to form its own city council to regulate certain aspects of city life
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Fortification
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A building designed for defence, such as a fort or castle
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Siege
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When an army attempts to capture a fortified place by surrounding it and cutting off supplies
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Chivalry
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Th qualities of behaviour expected of a knight, such as honour, courtesy, and courage
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Jousting
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Two knights on horseback, each trying to knock the other off with his lance
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Truce
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A period of time in a war during which all the warring parties agree to stop fighting
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Dauphin
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The eldest son of the French king
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Ecclesiastical
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Religious
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Artillery
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Large guns such as cannons
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Bubonic Plague
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A highly contagious, usually fatal disease
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Flagellants
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Religious people who whip themselves in public
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Poll Tax
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A standard tax collected from every person
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Revolt
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An uprising against government authority; a rebellion
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Pilgrimage
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A journey to a sacred place or shrine
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Architect
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A person who designs buildings
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Flying buttress
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An arch built against a wall to help support it
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Gothic
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A type of architecture featuring steep roofs and pointed arches
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Salvation
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Deliverance from sin or harm
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Conscience
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An inner sense of what is right or wrong
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Reason
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The ability to think and draw conclusions
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City State
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A politically independent city and the rural area around it. City states have their own government and armed forces
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Philosopher
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Someone who seeks wisdom about existence and reality
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Classical
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Referring to the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome
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Patron
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A person who provides financial support for the arts
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Humanist
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Related to humanism, a system of though that centres on humans and their values, capacities, and worth.
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Accordance
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Agreement
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Renaissance Man
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A term traditionally used to describe a person skilled in many areas
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Cardinal
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A dignitary of the Catholic Church and an adviser to its leader, the pope.
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Dominican
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A Catholic religious order
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Human Anatomy
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The science of the structure of the human body
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Scientific Revolution
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Changes in thought and beliefs that occurred in Europe around 1550 -1700, beginning with the assertion by Nicolas Copernicus that the planets revolved around the sun.
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Recant
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To publicly withdraw, or take back a statement one has made
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Catholic
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Comes from a Greek phrase meaning "universal"
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Empire
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A group of states ruled by a single monarch
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Reformation
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A 16th-century movement in Western Europe to reform the Catholic Church that resulted in the establishment of Protestant Churches.
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Purgatory
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The place in which a person' soul was thought to suffer until all his or her sins had been punished
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Indulgence
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A cancellation of punishment for sins
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Reform
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Fix or rehabilitate
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Heretic
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Someone who openly criticized the Church's teachings
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Predestination
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A belief that the fate of every person's soul was decided by God long ago
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Bull
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An official order from the pope with his lead seal, called a bulla, attached
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