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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Causes of the Civil War? |
South favored states rights, apposed the protective tariffs and wanted to keep their slaves. North favored a strong central government, protective tariffs and apposed slavery. |
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
The first written constitution in the American colonies; creating another commonwealth, a community of people who worked together for the good of the whole. |
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Tell me about the Great Awakening. |
A religious revival in the early 1700’s that started in New England. Second Great Awakening in the 1800’s, revitalized church membership, increased immigration, and furthered humanitarian reform movements, ei. Abolitionists, temperance, prison reform, women’s suffrage. |
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What is Iroquois Confederacy? |
formed in the 1400’s to unite Northeastern Native tribes to settle disputes and defend each other. |
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Jamestown |
1607 first permanent English settlement, financed by a joint-stock-company, and settled by people wanting to farm and make money. |
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Mayflower Compact |
1620 in Plymouth Colony; signers made an agreement to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of the colony. The colony was founded by people searching for religious freedom, their’s not anyone else’s. |
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Monroe Doctrine |
American continents were not to be considered for future colonization by Europe, in return the U.S. would stay out of Europe |
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Nullification Crisis |
South Carolinians in 1832 declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders. At a special convention they threatened military action or secession. |
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Virginia House of Burgesses |
first representative assembly in the colonies and was used as a model by other colonies.PeopleSamuel Adams |
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Samuel Adams |
instrumental in forming Committees of Correspondence and the Sons of Liberty during the Revolution. |
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Susan B. Anthony |
spent 50 years as a leading force in the women’s suffrage movement. |
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John C. Calhoun |
from South Carolina, he favored states’ rights and led the opposition to protective tariffs. |
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Henry Clay |
served as a Senator and representative from Kentucky. He was called the “Great Compromiser” for his ability to smooth sectional conflicts through balanced legislation. In 1820 he sponsored the Missouri Compromise. |
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Jefferson Davis |
President of the Confederate States of America. He was demanding, interfered in military matters and didn’t select effective subordinates. |
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Thomas Paine |
leading up to the American Revolution he wrote the popular and widely read, Common Sense, the pamphlet attacked the monarchial system, supported independence, and outlined a new form of government. |
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Radical Republicans in Congress |
After the Civil War, they favored harsh treatment of the South, and quick incorporation of the freedmen into citizenship. |
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
the thinker and writer of the women’s movement. The author of Declaration of Rights for Women, along with Lucretia Mott organized Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention, and urged the extension of the right to vote to women. |
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Henry David Thoreau |
essayist, poet, philosopher and transcendentalist. In 1849, he wrote “Civil Disobedience” an essay, which influenced Mahatma Ghandi and Martin Luther King. |
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Daniel Webster |
Senator and representative from Massachusetts. Noted for his speaking ability and commitment to preserving the |
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Harlem Renaissance |
early 1900’s rebirth in African-American culture. African-American authors, poets, musicians, etc. found greater freedom of expression and support from white sponsors. |
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Imperialism |
the policy of extending the rule of a nation over a foreign country or acquiring and holding colonies. In the 1880’s the imperialist powers were Great Britain, France, U.S. and the Ottoman Empire. |
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Muckrakers |
a group of writers who researched and exposed corruption and scandal during the progressive era. |
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Populists Movements |
a political movement born out of the Farmer’s Movement of the late 1800’s. Some of the changes they supported were direct election of Senators, a progressive income tax, and government regulation of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones. |
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Progressive Era – 1890-1930 |
Features of the era were a decrease in voter participation and an increase in special interest groups trying to reform society, the economy and politics. This was also the time of the rise of big business. |
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Robber Barons |
Name given to men like Carnegie, Rockefeller and Vanderbilt, who were considered powerful and unscrupulous capitalists or industrialists during the late 1800’s. |
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Spindle top |
an area of Texas where oil was discovered in 1901. It changed the economy of Texas and made petroleum refining the leading Texas industry into the 1970’s. |
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Andrew Carnegie |
became rich when he began a company in Pittsburgh to manufacture steel using the Bessemer process.He shared his wealth through a range of philanthropic causes |
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Clarence Darrow |
famous defense attorney, he argued criminal conspiracy cases, cases involving union violence, and labor rights. In 1925 he defended John Scopes in the “monkey trial” |
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Eugene Debs |
a supporter of labor reforms and unionization. He founded the American Railway Union in 1893. He ran for President 5 times on the Socialist Party ticket. |
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W.E.B. DuBois |
He was the first African-American to earn a Ph.D and he had a long career of writing and scholarship. He believed in the immediate extension of rights to blacks. He was active in the formation of the NAACP. |
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Alfred Thayer Mahan |
admiral and naval historian, whose theories on sea power and world commerce influenced foreign policy development in the 1880’s and 1890’s. |
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Biosphere |
`the realm of earth, which includes all plant and animal life forms. |
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Climate |
determined by latitude, elevation, ocean currents and location of mountains |
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Culture |
total pattern of human behavior. The body of customs, beliefs, social forms and material traits, which are distinct to a racial, ethnic, religious or social group. |
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Hydrosphere |
the water realm of earth, oceans, lakes, etc. |
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Lithosphere |
the uppermost portion of solid earth, soil, land, |
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Nicolaus Copericus |
Polish astronomer, in 1507 he said the sun was the center of the solar system. |
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Erastosthenes |
250 BC first calculated the circumference of the earth, described it as a sphere, and predicted ships could sail from Greece to India |
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Galileo Galilei |
1613 he proved Copernicus theory that the sun was the center of the solar system, one of the first to examine objects in the sky with a telescope. |
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Bicameral |
two-house legislative body |
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Bill of Rights |
first 10 amendments to the Constitution protecting several fundamental rights of U.S. citizens. |
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Checks and Balances |
each branch of government checks the other branches to keep them under control. |
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Civic Responsibilities |
pay taxes, vote, participate in public service and more |
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Confederal |
or more independent states which unite to achieve a common goal, but remain sovereign in other matters.The U.S. under the Articles of Confederation until 1787 and the southern states during the Civil War were confederal. |
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Federalism |
two levels of government, federal and state. Federal has some powers (expressed, implied and inherent) and state has some powers (reserved). There are also shared or concurrent powers. |
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Federalist Papers |
Three leading members of one of the first political parties, the Federalist, wrote a series of essays in support and urging approval of the new constitution. |
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Feudalism |
a political system based on the rule of local lords bound to a king by ties of loyalty. It developed in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It also existed in Japan from 1192 to 1867. |
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English Bill of Rights |
1689 a precursor to the American Bill of Rights. |
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Judicial Review |
the courts can decide if a law is constitutional |
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Magna Carta |
1215 document that guaranteed certain basic rights to the people, beginning of constitutional government in England. |
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Natural Rights |
basic rights that all humans should enjoy. |
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Popular Sovereignty |
power comes from the people |
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Separation of Powers |
each branch of government has its own duties. |
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Social Contract |
people in a society could agree to give up part of their freedom to a government in return for protection of their natural rights. Citizens could challenge a government, which did not preserve their natural rights. e.i.,Glorious Revolution in 1688 in England, the American Revolution in 1776. |
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Supreme Court Landmark Decisions 1803 - Marbury v. Madison – |
Court has the power of judicial review |
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Supreme Court Landmark Decisions 1819 - McCulloch v. Maryland – |
states cannot tax the federal government |
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Supreme Court Landmark Decisions 1824 - Gibbons v. Ogden – |
federal government controls interstate commerce |
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Supreme Court Landmark Decisions 1857 - Scott v. Sanford |
– a slave was not a citizen and had no standing in court |
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Supreme Court Landmark Decisions 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson |
– separate public facilities for Blacks and Whites were acceptable if they were “separate but equal” |
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Supreme Court Landmark Decisions 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education |
– separate but equal was unconstitutional in public schools |
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Supreme Court Landmark Decisions 1966 – Miranda v. Arizona |
– persons arrested must be advised of their rights |
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John Locke |
English philosopher who believed man had certain natural rights life, liberty and property. Government’s purpose was to protect the natural rights. Wrote Two Treatises of Government, Thomas Jefferson borrowed from Locke. |
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Thomas Hobbes |
During the Enlightenment, he formulated the social contract theory. |
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James Madison |
4th President. Key role at the Constitutional Convention, offered the Virginia Plan and kept a record of the debates. Instrumental in adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution |
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Baron de Montesquieu |
defined the principle of separation of powers and called for a system of checks and balances |
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Absolute and Comparative Advantage |
absolute when a country can produce more of a given product at less cost than other countries; comparative when a country can produce a product more efficiently with less opportunity costs. |
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Business Cycle |
recession is the decline of the GDP over 6 months and continues until it reaches a trough (low point). Expansion starts as the GDP rebounds |
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Circular-Flow Model |
money flows through the system one way and goods, services and factors of production, flow the other way |
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Command Economy |
government determines prices and what’s produced (Cuba). |
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Economics |
how goods, services and property is produced, distributed and consumed. |
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Federal Reserve System |
privately owned, publicly controlled central bank of the U.S. It regulates the supply of money in the economy. It also supplies paper currency, holds banks reserves, provides check-clearing services and supervises member banks. |
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Gross Domestic Product |
value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders during a year. |
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Imperialism |
taking over a country to control its economy and resources. |
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Market Economy |
Capitalism or Free Enterprise. Consumers and producers determine prices and what is produced (USA). |
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Mercantilism |
colonies exist solely for the benefit of the mother country. |
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Oligopoly |
a market dominated by a few large producers who can affect prices in the industry. |
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Opportunity Costs |
the cost of the next best alternative use of money, time or resources when one choice is made over another. |
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Protective Tariffs |
tax placed on imported goods to protect local industries that produce the same goods |
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Traditional Economy |
subsistence agriculture dominates, producing enough for personal survival; pre-industrial societies or some third world countries today. |
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Henry Bessemer |
His process removed impurities from iron to create steel in mass-production. |
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Marie Curie |
proved that radioactivity was an effective treatment of some diseases. |
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Robert Fulton |
1807 launched the first commercially successful steamboat the Clermont on the Hudson River traveling from New York to Albany. |
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John Maynard Keyes |
Keynesianism argues that an economy could be balanced even if it is stagnant. When during a recession or worse a depression, the private investments decline, then government spending should expand to stimulate employment and consumption. |
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Karl Marx |
argued that all history consisted of class struggles between the oppressors (bourgeoisie) and the workers (proletarians). Called workers to organize. |
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Louis Pasteur |
– introduced the field of microbiology; said the growth of bacteria resulted from germs in the air, and pasteurization. |
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Adam Smith |
wrote The Wealth of Nations. Countries were more successful economically if there was limited government involvement in basic economic decisions or “laissez faire”. |
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James Watt |
Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine. His rotary steam engine became a principle power source in the Industrial Revolution |
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Polytheism |
the belief in or worship of more than one god. |
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Monotheism |
the doctrine or belief that there is only one God. |
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Feudalism |
the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. |
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Manorialism |
or Seigneurialism is the name for the organization of the economy in the Middle Ages. The economy relied mainly on agriculture. Manorialism describes how land was distributed and who profited from the land. A Lord received a piece of land, usually from a higher nobleman, or from the king. |
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Norman Conquest of 1066 |
The Norman conquest of England was the 11th century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled as William the Conqueror. |
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Guilds |
is an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. The earliest types of guild were formed as confraternities of tradesmen. They were organized in a manner something between a professional association, trade union, a cartel, and a secret society. They often depended on grants of letters patent by a monarch or other authority to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as meeting places. |
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Five Pillars of Islam |
are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life.They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self purification and the pilgrimage, if one is able. |
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Silk Roads |
is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean. Because China silkcomprised a large proportion of the trade along this ancient road, in 1877, it was named the 'Silk Road' by Ferdinand von Richthofen, an eminent German geographer |
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Black death |
Bubonic Plague. In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plagueoccurred in China. The bubonic plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people. Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly. |
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Gutenbergs printing press |
By 1440 Gutenberg had established the basics of his printing press including the use of a mobile, reusable set of type. Gutenberg's press was the combined effort of several discoveries and inventions. The printing press was built around the traditional screw press, a precursor to today's drill press, with an added matrix on which individually-cast letters and symbols could be arranged to form the desired text. This moveable type design allowed pages of text to be quickly assembled from a pre-cast selection of letters and symbols rather than laboriously carved from a block of wood as in the block printing method. |
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Atlantic slave trade |
was the biggest deportation in history and a determining factor in the world economy of the 18th century. Millions of Africans were torn from their homes, deported to the American continent and sold as slaves. Triangular Trade. |
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Protestant reformation |
was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. |
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Martin Luther and the protestant reformation |
In 1517, in one of the signal events of western history, Martin Luther, a German Augustinian monk, posted 95 theses on the church door in the university town of Wittenberg. That act was common academic practice of the day and served as an invitation to debate. Luther’s propositions challenged some portions of Roman Catholic doctrine and a number of specific practices. |
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Martin Luther's challenges |
argued that the Bible, not the pope, was the central means to discern God’s word — a view that was certain to raise eyebrows in Rome. Further, Luther maintained that justification (salvation) was granted by faith alone; good works and the sacraments were not necessary in order to be saved. Luther had been especially appalled by a common church practice of the day, the selling of indulgences. These papal documents were sold to penitents and promised them the remission of their sins. To Luther and other critics it appeared that salvation was for sale. Rome enthusiastically supported the use of indulgences as a means to raise money for a massive church project, the construction of St. Peter’s basilica |
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Simon Bolivar |
Venezuelan military leader who was instrumental in the revolutions against the Spanish empire. He liberated Latin America from Spanish control. |
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Facism |
an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. In general, extreme right-wing, authoritarian, or intolerant views or practice synonyms: authoritarianism, totalitarianism, dictatorship, despotism, autocracy |
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Nelson Mandela |
was the first black President of South Africa. He spent 27 years in prison for trying to overthrow the pro-apartheid government. After he left prison, he worked to achieve human rights and a better future for everyone in South Africa. Nelson Mandela was born in 1918. |
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Mao Zedong |
considered to be the father of Communist China |
