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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which philosopher believes security is more important than freedom, extreme individualism is dangerous, although not evil humans are selfish by nature, and supports dictatorship? |
Tomas Hobbes |
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Which philosopher believed that individuals should rely on themselves to make important decisions and that the government should only be involved to protect life, liberty, and property? |
John Locke |
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Which philosopher believed that equality is more important than freedoms, and society corrupts people as they are born good, compassionate, and free? |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
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Which philosopher was a French aristocrat who opposed an absolute monarchy and contributed to the separation of powers? |
Baron de Montesquieu |
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What is the social contract theory? |
The unwritten rules between the people as a whole and the government saying that if the government is elected and doesn't stay true to his promises then the people are allowed to overthrow him. |
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Which philosopher was opposed to mercantilism (measuring the wealth of a nation by its precious metals) and supported the value of a commodity while also writing the book The Wealth of Nations? |
Adam Smith |
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Adam Smith recognized that people tend to act in their own self-interest. For example, a baker makes bread in order to sell it for a profit. The baker needs flour and must obtain it from a miller, who is likewise working in his own self-interest. Thus they both profit. The baker now makes his bread and sells it to a customer who is likewise acting in his on self-interest. What does Smith refer these unintended benefits to? |
The "invisible hand" |
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What ideology involves no government? |
Laissez-faire Capitalsim |
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Which philosopher believes in concrete and clear political ideologies, based on strong principles, traditions and morality? |
Edmond Burke |
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What caused the rise of socialism? |
Poverty, poor working conditions, and other inequalities led to socialism, becoming a popular ideology. |
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What is the most radical form of socialism? |
Communism |
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Which philosopher was against tyranny of majority groups, opposed to the treatment of women and non-Europeans as inferior, believes in feminism, and wrote the book On Liberty? |
John Stuart Mill |
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When did Welfare State or Welfare Capitalism fully take shape and what is it? |
Welfare Sate or Welfare Capitalism is the creation of workers rights such as minimum wage, maternity leave and medical insurance. Some employers resolved differences and went so far as to provide benefits such as housing, and job security. It began to fully take shape after the depression. |
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What was the War on Terror? |
The United States military, political, and ideological response to the events of September 11th 2001. Included US led attack on Afghanistan in 2001 and a US led attack on Iraq in 2003. |
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What is the difference between classical and modern liberalism? |
Modern is more collective and focuses on rights of women and minority groups. Classic is more conservative and is less about equality. |
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Who influenced John Maynard Keynes and who did Keynes later influence? |
Adam Smith influenced Keynes who later on influenced Franklin D. Roosevelt |
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Describe the system John Maynard Keynes proposed? |
He designed a system to counteract the boom and bust cycle, eventually steadying it. His system suggested that during times of recession, governments should increase spending on public works and social programs, while lowering taxes in order to keep money circulating. During periods of inflation, the government should spend less money and increase taxes. |
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What year did Vladimir Lenin take control? |
1917 |
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What year did Joseph Stalin take control? |
1922 |
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Why was Lenin forced from power? |
He instituted war communism which was an instant transition to a command economy with the immediate abolition of private property. This was not very popular. |
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When Joseph Stalin came into power what measure was implemented? |
The Five-Year Plans |
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What did the Five-Year Plans include? |
Goals set by Stalin over both the Industrial and Agricultural Sectors of the USSR to ensure massive growth. The plan called for industrial production to increase by 20%. Those who did not reach their goals were often punished by being sent to Gulags or killed. |
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What led to Holodomor and what was it? |
7 million people died in the Ukraine due to a man-made famine as Stalin collectivized agriculture and peasants revolted and burned their own crops and slaughtered their farm animals. Stalin purged many of these peasants who were their farmers and a man-made famine resulted. |
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What happened to dissents of Stalin's leadership? |
People were arrested, imprisoned, and exacuted. This was know as purging. The Great Purge itself accounted for nearly 2 million deaths. |
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When did the Cold War start? |
After WWII |
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What two countries were involved in the Cold War? |
Russia (Soviet Union) and USA |
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What was the reasoning behind the Cold War? (Why were the two countries fighting?) |
Both countries wanted to protect and spread their ideologies. |
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During the Cold War, both countries adopted a sphere of influence. What is referred to as a sphere of influence? |
An area of the world in which one side (Capitalism or Communism) was dominant. (The world was made to chose a side) |
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Who was a social democrat from Canada, the first leader of the NDP, supported redistribution of wealth through progressive taxation, and introduced Medicare to Saskatchewan? |
Tommy Douglas |
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What is neoconservativism? |
A reaction to the principals of Modern Liberalism during the 50’s and 60’s. It values some of the same principles as Classical Liberalism and favor a return to that thinking. It often reflects what are sometimes values identified as “family values” and traditional values, often resting on a religious foundation. Economically it favors Supply Side economic practices.
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What is the Non-Alignment? |
Nations choosing not to align (involve) themselves with either the USSR or the United States during the Cold War. |
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What was containment during the Cold War? |
During the Cold war a policy to contain the oppositions ideology and prevent it from spreading to other parts of the world. |
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What was the Iron Curtain? |
The Berlin wall |
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What was deterrence? |
Discouraging someone from doing something by instilling doubt or fear. |
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What does détente mean? |
It means calm. Its a period of relaxation. |
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What is MAD? |
Mutually Assured Destruction. |
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What was the Universal Suffrage? |
It was the extension of the vote to all citizens of a certain age, including women, and people of all ethnic groups and classes |
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What is demand side economics? What is an example? |
Believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Keynesian economics.
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What is supply side economics? |
An economic theory suggesting that an economy's ability to supply more goods is the most effective way to stimulate economic growth. Supply-side theorists advocate income tax reduction because it increases private investment in corporations, facilities, and equipment. Reaganomics
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What is monetarist economics? |
Controlling the money supply primarily through interest rates. People borrowing money from banks. |
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What is totalitarianism? |
Extreme dictatorship; virtually every aspect of one’s life is controlled. Can be right wing (fascist) or left wing (communist)
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What is mercantilism? |
An economic theory that says the aim of all economic pursuit should be to strengthen the power of the State (usually the Monarch) |
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Who was Friedrich Hayek? |
Hayek was a critic of Keynesian economics. He feared that the deep level of government control required to operate Demand-Side Economics would eventually lead to some form of Communism. He also believed that government planning severely interfered with the principles of liberalism and that democracies which practiced Demand-Side economics flirted with becoming Totalitarian states. |
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SALT 1 and SALT 2 were part of the Cold War. What does SALT stand for? |
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty |
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What was the purpose of the US PATRIOT Act and who signed it into law? |
George W. Bush signed it into law after the September 11th attacks in hopes it would stop future terrorism. |
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Define Direct Democracy |
Every person is sovereign and independent and votes their view on every law.
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Define dissent |
Speaking out against the government or its policies
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Define Indirect/Representative Democracy |
Voters electing an official to represent a group of people (area)
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What is McCarthyism? |
The Red Scare. The promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism. |
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What is the Red Scare and when did it originate? |
The promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism. It originated from the Cold War. |
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Who is Karl Marx and what did he set out to do? |
He is a communist philosopher who set out to create a classless society. |
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What is First Past the Post? |
An electoral process like a horse race in which whoever finishes first in a riding/constituency wins the seat even though they may not have 50% of the vote. This creates stability. |
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Who was Robert Owen and what did he believe? |
He was a Utopian socialist who believed education was the key to any successful, humane society. He created a model community where he offered free schooling and reasonable paying jobs where good worker received bonuses. |
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What is a Command economy? |
An economy in which the government completely controls the economy. There is also no private property. |
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What is a Mixed economy? |
An economy which combines elements of the free market with economic welfare programs |
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What is Democracy? |
Government by the people. All the people have say, in one way or another, about everything that effects their lives. |
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What is an Authoritarian? |
An Authoritarian government is one in which power is in the hands of an elite group that exercises absolute authority over the state. |
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What is a Traditional economy? |
Simplistic. Likely no mass production. Not a very defined money system. Mostly exchanging goods for other goods. |
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What is a Free Market economy? |
Laissez-faire capitalism/capitalism. An economic system based on laws of supply and demand, and where the consumer is sovereign. Little government intervention except to control monopolies and protect trade. |
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What are War Internment Camps? |
Canadians whose ancestors had immigrated from enemy nations were sent to camps where they were imprisoned. They were often forced to work and had their property confiscated. |
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The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms include five underlying Rights and 1 underlying freedom. What are they? |
Democratic rights, Mobility rights, Legal rights, Equality rights, Other rights, and Fundamental freedoms. |
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What happened during the FLQ Crisis and what year did it happen? |
It was a crisis that involved the kidnapping and murder of Pierre Laporte, a provincial cabinet minister, and the kidnapping and subsequent release of James Cross, a British diplomat during 1970.
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What is the War Measures Act? What was it replaced with in 1988 and what is the difference? |
An act that, when invoked, suspends civil liberties during a period of crisis. In 1988 it was replaced with the Emergencies Act. The difference between the two is that the Emergencies Act must still act within the boundaries of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. |
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What is stagflation? |
A situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high. (an extreme version of our economy)
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What is brinkmanship? |
The practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge of—or to the brink of—disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome.
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What is Fascism? |
An ideology that totally rejects Liberalism. Supports inequality, economic freedom under direction of the leader, philosophy based on ultra-nationalism and expansionism. |
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What is classical liberalism? |
A political ideology that advocates limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, individual liberties including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets. |
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What is modern liberalism? |
It combines liberalism with support for social justice and a mixed economy. American liberal causes include voting rights for African Americans, abortion rights for women, gay rights and government entitlements such as education and health care.
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What are Luddites? |
Protesters in the early 1800’s against industrialization and mechanization. Protesters broke into factories and destroyed machines.
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What is the New Deal? |
An Economic policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It adopted Keynes theories and included government make work projects and increased control of the banking industry as well as increased taxation on the rich. Very popular during the depression era.
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What is the Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan? |
Economic activity in other parts of the world to use money to spread the capitalistic ideology of America and contain the spread of communism. Billions of dollars were spent assisting nations financially to discourage them from adopting communist philosophies through spending money to feed, and cloth these nations especially after WWII.
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What is the Cuban Missile Crisis? |
Cuba is allied with Soviet Union. Cuba becomes communist. Soviet Union uses agreement to send nuclear weapons to be stationed in Cuba. Draws the attention of America as they are in direct attack range. America then threatens Soviet Union bringing to the brink of nuclear war. J F Kennedy is the president at the time in USA. |
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What is the Domino Theory? |
Speculated that if one state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. Was given as a major reason for US involvement in the Vietnam War.
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What was the Vietnam War? |
Was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Originally the US had very limited direct involvement but with the death of Kennedy and LB Johnsons swearing in as president the US became the major nation involved in trying to push the North Vietnamese (Communists) out of South Vietnam.
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What were SALT 1 & 2? |
Deals worked out by the Soviet Union and the US to limit the number of nuclear missiles that could be created. Strategic Arms Limitations Treaties. Seen as significant signs of Détente between the two opposing nations.
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What is Reaganomics? |
Reaganomics was partially based on the principles of supply-side economics and the trickle-down theory. These theories hold the view that decreases in taxes, especially for corporations, is the best way to stimulate economic growth: the idea is that if the expenses of corporations are reduced, the savings will "trickle down" to the rest of the economy, spurring growth.
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Who was Pierre Trudeau? |
Canadian Prime Minister from 1968 to 1979 and again from 1980 to 1984. Implemented the War Measures Act in peace time in October of 1970 (FLQ/October Crisis). The White Paper was introduced under him in 1969 to repeal the Indian Act, but he had failed to consult with the First Nations people and the White Paper was not well received.
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Who was John A. McDonald? |
First Prime Minister of Canada (1867). Implemented the Indian Act in order to assimilate the First Nations. The Indian Act was the most important piece of legislation for the First Nations until 1982 when the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was passed
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Who is Saddam Hussein? |
Former Dictator/President of Iraq. Utilized ruthless tactics to maintain control of his country. In 1990 he invaded Kuwait for its oil resources, resulting in war (Operation Desert Storm). Refused to allow nuclear weapon inspectors into Iraq which resulted in war in 2003 (Operation Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn).
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Who were Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin? |
“Founding Fathers” of the Bill of Rights and the Constitution of the USA. Believed in the philosophies of John Locke and based the Bill of Rights and Constitution on his thoughts. As well, they were influenced by what they observed in the Six Nation Confederacy’s political system. |
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What book did Keynes publish? |
The Means to Prosperity |
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What did Milton Friedman reject and what did he believe in doing? |
Friedman rejected Keynesian Economics and spoke of the Economic problems that would eventually occur as a result of Demand Side Economics. Friedman argued for an economic policy known as Monetarism. He did not believe in government intervention in the market directly but argued that inflation was caused when there was an excess of money produced by the central bank. Interest rates and control of the money supply (printing less money) was the way to get the economy under control. Friedman’s Supply-Side Economics became popular in the 1980’s when Neo-Conservative leaders came into place.
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What is the Indian Act? |
Created and passed by the Canadian Government in 1867 this document provided a definition of who was considered a First Nation person and outlined what First Nations people could and could not do. Originally, this act was used to assimilate the First Nation’s people through control.
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What was Assimilation in relation to First Nations? |
In relation to the aboriginal peoples of Canada, the government attempted to do away with the aboriginal culture and replace it with the culture of the white-European inhabitants of Canada. The attempted this through various governmental policies such as residential school system and through an enfranchisement policy that gave aboriginals the right to vote in exchange for them giving up their official Indian status.
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What was the White Paper and who was it created by? |
A document presented by the federal government in 1969 under Pierre Trudeau that proposed to abolish treaties, the Indian Act, the Department of Indian Affairs, and any evidence of distinct relations between Canada and First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples, in order to assimilate Aboriginal peoples into “mainstream” Canadian society.
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What was the Red Paper? |
A document published by the National Indian Brotherhood in 1969 to oppose the government’s publication of the White Paper. It contained its members’ objections to and concerns about what they saw as the government trying to impose liberalism on them and to avoid fulfilling treaty rights and unsettled land claims.
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Was the White Paper in response to the Red paper or the other way around? |
The other way around. The Red Paper was a response to the White Paper. |
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What is Enfranchisement? |
Over time various minority groups were granted citizenship rights including the right to vote.
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What was the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and what is another name for it? |
Also known as the six nation confederacy, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy proposed and understood that the relation between themselves and the Europeans was one of sovereign nations that were separate, distinct, and equal. This relationship was portrayed symbolically in a two-row wampum belt.
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What is NATO? |
A multilateral military organization of many western nations originally formed in the Cold War. A key phrase used by this organization is “an attack on one shall be considered an attack on they all”.
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What is proportional representation? |
Many northern European nations (Sweden, Finland, etc.) use this system to elect their political leaders. Citizens vote directly for a party and then representatives are assigned based on percentage of popular support obtained. The result is a fairly accurate representation in the legislature of the will of the people. BC has considered adopting such a system in their provincial government.
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What is responsible government? |
The executive branch of government is dependent on the direct or indirect support of elected members of the legislative branch. In Canada the Prime Minister only maintains power as long as he has the support of a majority of the MPs in the House of Commons.
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What is Consensus Decision-Making and who uses it in present day Canada? |
A form of decision making whereby individuals in a group share ideas, solutions, and concerns to find a resolution that all members of the group can accept. The Northwest Territories and Nunavut use it. |
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What is direct democracy? |
A form of democratic government in which people participate directly in political decision making. A direct democracy operates on the belief that every citizen’s voice is important and necessary for an orderly and efficient society.
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What is an electoral college? |
In the United States the President is actually elected by a body known as the electoral college. It is a system whereby each state and the district of Columbia select electors equal in number to congressional representation and the electors actually elect the president. The formula for each state is number of senators (which is 2) added to the number of representatives in the House of Representatives for that state (e.g. Hawaii - 2 senators + 2 members of the HofR = 4 electoral college members), larger states have more electoral college members thus increasing their influence. It is possible to win the popular vote and lose the election which has happened 4 times.
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What is a Plebiscite? |
A direct vote by citizens on a specific question submitted to them by their government to determine their wishes.
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What is a Referendum? |
A special vote in which all eligible citizens may vote on an important issue put to them by a government. This is a form of direct democracy.
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What is a bicameral legislature? |
A two house legislature (e.g. the Senate and the House of Commons).
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What are the three branches of government and why don't we just have one in Canada? |
Democratic systems are broken into three branches of government, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial, following the philosophy of Montesquieu. He believed this would establish a system of checks and balances that would ensure all branches would have equal power with nor branch dominating over another.
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What is a constituency (riding)? |
A geographical region and population base that elects a representative for government.
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What is a Republic? |
A representative government that is led by a president and not a monarch.
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What is party solidarity? |
The idea that all members of a political party should be loyal to and support the official decisions of their party, and vote according to their party’s position on an issue. Within Canadian political parties solidarity is key as failure to unite can lead to vote of non-confidence and thus another election.
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What is a lobby (interest) group? |
An organization with special interests who lobby the government to influence decisions made by that government. Lobby groups often use money to influence political decision making.
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What is voter apathy? |
When citizens choose not to participate in the political process either due to indecision or not caring.
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What is a one-party state? |
USSR a nation which allows for only one political party to operate. They may attempt to display elements of democracy through forced participation in the political process. |
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What is oligarchy? |
A form of government in which political power rests with a small elite segment of society. An oligarchy often consists of politically powerful families who pass on their influence to their children.
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What is a Dictatorship? |
A form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power. Dictators, who are not accountable to the citizens over whom they rule, often use force or fraud to gain political power, which they maintain through intimidation, terror, the repression of civil liberties, and propaganda.
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What is a constitutional monarchy? |
A political system in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government. In such monarchies, political authority is exercised by the people and their elected politicians, and the political process generally runs according to democratic procedures. Therefore, the monarch functions as a unifying and symbolic head of state who performs ceremonial duties, while the traditions and ceremonies associated with the monarchy symbolize historical continuity.
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What is Elitism? |
In a democratic society there is often a tendency for the wealthy and privileged to be considered serious candidates for political office. This can lead to voters feeling that politics is only for the elite.
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What is the American Bill of Rights? |
When the founding fathers established the documents that would be the foundation of government they were concerned that the constitution would give to much power to government and that they might misuse it against the citizens. Therefore, they created a document to guarantee citizens rights and to protect them against the government.
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What was the Anti-Terrorism Act? |
A law passed by Canada’s Parliament in December 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. It gave the Canadian government special powers, such as surveillance and detention, for dealing with people carrying out activities thought to be associated with terrorism. Some of the act’s measures, such as that of preventative arrest, expired in March 2007.
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What is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? |
A document entrenched in the Constitutional Act, 1982 that lists and describes the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to Canadians.
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What are the Metis Rights? |
Many Metis are still fighting to have their First Nation’s rights recognized.
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What was the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?
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A 2007 declaration that sets out the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples, as well as their rights to culture, identity, language, employment, health, education and other issues. It also "emphasizes the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their own institutions, cultures and traditions, and to pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations”
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What is the Emergencies Act and what did it replace? |
A set of laws that permits the Canadian government to invoke special measures to deal with emergencies. It replaced the War Measures Act in 1988. Emergencies can include those that affect public welfare and order, Canadian security, or war or other armed conflict. The legislation is designed to protect Canadians’ fundamental rights and freedoms even in a time of crisis.
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What is Bill 101? |
Language law passed in 1977 creating the Charter of the French Language in order to strengthen the French language. In doing so they created laws weakening the English language, specifically over signs. This landed in the supreme court when federal government appealed the legislation. The law was changed to recognize the rights of the English language. |
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What is the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms? |
A human rights code that was passed by the National Assembly of Québec in 1975 under Robert Bourassa. It includes protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and of political, equality, judicial, economic, and social rights. Quebec did not agree to the Canadian Charter of rights and freedoms.
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What is the difference between individual and collective rights? |
Individual rights include those associated with personal liberty, such as freedom of religion and of association, and the right to life, liberty, and the security of the person. Collective rights retain the form of individual rights, but are applied to groups. Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms recognizes both individual and collective rights. In France legislation has been created that bans the hijab which violates both individual and collective rights, but their defence is that this legislation protects the security of the citizens.
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What is Censorship? |
Restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works, usually by governments, and usually to protect the perceived common good; may be related to speech, writings, works of art, religious practices, or military matters.
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What were internment camps? |
Established during both world wars to separate groups perceived to be potential enemies of the nation. During WWII the Japanese were interned and moved inland in camps in BC. In WWI enemy aliens were deported and interned and their property was confiscated.
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What was the October Crisis? |
October 1970 the FLQ kidnapped two political figures, killing one and holding the other hostage. In response, Trudeau implemented the War Measures Act during peacetime thus removing citizens rights for the protection of the greater good. This was an illiberal act.
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What is Illiberal? |
Going against the basic principles/values of liberalism. Can take the form of political systems, government policies, and citizen’s actions.
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What was the US PATRIOT Act? |
(the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act): legislation passed by the US government in 2001 to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States. Some Americans argue that the act is a threat to personal liberties.
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What was the no fly list? |
A list created after the September 11th terrorist attacks. It was created and maintained by the government in the United States, but also with a Canadian equivalent, composed of people who are not permitted to fly on a commercial flight in or out of the United States. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) screens passengers based on this list.
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What is Extremism? |
The actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside what is considered acceptable in a society, which can include acts of terrorism. Extremism is usually contrasted with moderation, and extremists with moderates.
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What is Anarchism? |
Is generally defined as a political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful. Alternatively, anarchists may focus on opposing authority or hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations.
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What is Racism? |
The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and that racial differences produce superiority of a particular race. People with racist beliefs show prejudice toward individuals and groups of people according to their race and discriminate against them.
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What is post modernism? |
The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and that racial differences produce superiority of a particular race. People with racist beliefs show prejudice toward individuals and groups of people according to their race and discriminate against them.
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What is environment activism? |
A political and ethical ideology that focuses on protecting the natural environment and lessening the harmful effects that human activities have on ecosystems.
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What was the Kyoto Protocol? |
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change created the binding protocol in 1997 for industrialized nations to reduce their carbon/greenhouse emissions. The protocol was ratified by all original nations with the exception of the United States. Proposals of Carbon Taxes have also been discussed as a potential solution to growing greenhouse emissions.
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What is a Pandemic? |
A new infectious disease that emerges and causes serious illness among people across a large geographic area (e.g. SARS). The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a vital role in predicting, monitoring, and informing about possible pandemics and potential health risks such as water shortages.
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What is monetary policy? |
Economic policy of a government dealing with the money supply of a nation. The government can increase or decrease interests rates to influence the amount of money borrowed and the government can also print more money or remove money circulation.
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What is fiscal policy? |
Is the use of government revenue collection (taxation) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy. The government can influence the economy with the level of taxation and the level of government spending.
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What is a democratic society? |
Describes the social order of a democracy. Citizens within this society are granted and expected to make or influence the societal decisions, generally through free elections. Proponents tout that the concept of rule by the people will create a society that most accurately reflects the desires of the majority.
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What is civility? |
Following the written and unwritten rules of a society, a form of social and political politeness.
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What is citizen advocacy? |
Promote, protect, and defend the rights and responsibilities of citizens. The purpose of advocacy in this sense is to not lose sight of the purpose and possibilities of creating societies.
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What is a humanitarian crisis? |
Disasters such as famines, pandemics, natural calamities (for example, earthquakes), or wars that cause great hardship and loss (often loss of life) to the population of a given area.
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What is an Anti-war movement? |
An organized campaign against war. The Vietnam anti-war movement gained public support during the late 1960s and contributed to the United States ending that war. These movements can be pacifist in general, and aimed at ending or restricting the military policy options, or they can be movements opposing specific military campaigns.
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What is a pro-democracy movement? |
Movements or campaigns in favour of democracy, especially in countries with authoritarian governments.
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What is active and responsible citizenship? |
The involvement and active participation of every citizen in exchange for the benefits and rights of citizenship. These can include serving on a jury, paying taxes, voting, or helping people in other countries.
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What is a nation-state? |
Closest is country. |
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What is initiative? |
The ability to assess and initiate things independently.
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What is an Abyss? |
A wide or profound difference between people; a gulf.
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What is an upheaval? |
A violent or sudden change or disruption to something.
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What is a reform? |
Make changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it.
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Deinfe negligence |
Failure to take proper care in doing something. |
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Define extensive |
Covering or affecting a large area.
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Define loathe |
Feel intense dislike or disgust for.
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Define undermine |
Damage or weaken (someone or something), especially gradually or insidiously.
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Define safegaurd |
A measure taken to protect someone or something or to prevent something undesirable.
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Define mandate |
He authority to carry out a policy or course of action, regarded as given by the electorate to a candidate or party that is victorious in an election.
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Define prudence |
The quality of being prudent; cautiousness.
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Define exploit |
Benefit unfairly from the work of (someone), typically by overworking or underpaying them.
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Define cultivating |
Try to acquire or develop (a quality, sentiment, or skill).
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Define indicate |
Point out; show.
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Define divergent |
Tending to be different or develop in different directions.
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Define subvert |
Damage the power and authority of (an established system or institution). |
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Define secession |
The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state.
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Define dispute |
A disagreement, argument, or debate.
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Define discontent |
A person who is dissatisfied, typically with the prevailing social or political situation.
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Define appeal |
Apply to a higher court for a reversal of the decision of a lower court and/or make a serious or urgent request, typically to the public.
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Define indignant |
Feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment.
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Define grinding |
(of a state) oppressive, tedious, and seemingly without end.
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Define deliberate |
Done consciously and intentionally.
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Define corrupt |
Having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain.
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Define ensure |
Make certain that (something) shall occur or be the case.
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Define recoil |
Suddenly spring or flinch back in fear, horror, or disgust.
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Define comperhensive |
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What books did Karl Marx write? |
Communist Manifesto & Das Kapital |
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Who are the Bourgeoisie? |
The rich. |
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Who are the Proletariat? |
The workers |
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What is the difference between classical and modern conservativism? |
Classical conservationism is more for a monarch (a king as a ruler) as well as complete tradition involving religion, marriage, etc. Modern conservatives want a free market system with little government involvement. An example today would be the Republicans. |
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What is the Square Deal? |
It aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business' from the most extreme demands of organized labor. |
