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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is attitude? What are the presumptions about attitude? What did Allport (1935) say? |
Attitude is part of our everyday language. - It is the most distinct and indespensible concept in contemporary American social psych. - Very common and touched upon subject. |
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What is the background to attitude? What is it? |
According to Allport - an attitude is... Mental and Neural state of readiness - organised through experience. - Directive or dynamic influenced upon the individual's response to situation objects. |
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What was the issue with concepts regarding attitude? |
During the behaviourist era - it was seen an imaginary figment to explain behaviour. Bad attitude' = anti-social behavioru |
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What did McQuire (1986) say? |
examined the historical trend of 'ATTITUDE. During 1920's & 30's: fairly static issue of measurement and these related to behaviour. 50's & 60's a focus on change in attitudes 80's & 90's unravelling the function & structure |
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What is the latin word for attitude? |
Aptus - fit and ready for action. see aptitude. |
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What is today's view of Aptus? |
attitude as internal construct - NOT DIRECTLY OBSERVABLE, It is activated BEFORE behaviour and guides our choices & actions. |
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What is the view of Aptus of 60's & 70's? |
Lacking research due to nature of the relationship between recorded and not. |
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What is the view in 80's & 90's |
Resurgent due to the trend of cognitive psch. |
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What is the two definition of Attitude, Who coined the term? |
Def A: enduring SYSTEM of beliefs, feeling and behaviours toward SOCIAL ASPECTS - GROUP, EVENTS, SYMBOLS DEF B: A general feeling + or - about person, object, issue. Vaughn & Hogg, 2008 |
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How many components are there to attitude? |
There are several models - with number of different components to attitude. = 1, 2, 3 compnonets. |
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Who were the researcher behind one component of attitude? What was that component? |
Thurstone (1931) - one component attitude model. A = affect for / against a psychological object Same belief with Edwards (1957) + or - affect to obejct. eg. do you like cheese or not |
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Who were the research behind two components? what were the components? |
A = state of mental readiness (predisposition) that influenced our judgement seen as private internal event cannot be physically examined. Petty & Caioppo (1986) attitude as lasting, general, evaluations of people, things, etc. |
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Who were the researchers behind the three components of attitude? |
Approach by researchers in their 1960's - Rosenberg & Hovland, Krech, Crtuchfield, Ballachey. A= made up C.oginitive (thoughts), Affective (feelings) & behaviours (actions). F.A.T / C.A.B |
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Who else believed in the three components of Aptus? What is the main tenet and what other aspects t to consider? |
Himmelfarb & Eagerly (1974) = Attitude as relatively ENDURING - beliefs, feelings, behaviors towards SOCIALLY related objects. relatively permanent Limited to socially sig objects & events Generalisable /involving degree of abstraction |
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What did Himmelfarb & Ealy (1974) believe? |
That attitudes were a cluster of aspects. |
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What did attitude consist of according to Himmelfarb & Eagly (1974) |
Consisted of B.L.I.F.T Behavioural intentions Likes/dislikes Ideas Feelings Thoughts |
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What is the problem with the 3 component approach? |
It has prejudice link between attitude & behaviour. But most MODERN defs involves belief & feeling structures that predict Behaviour |
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What is it about attitude as a structure? |
It must also have a functon. Various Kinds of Attitude - Katz (1960) |
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What do the various kinds of attitude function as? Name the four. |
Katz (1960) Knowledge (understanding environment) Instrumental (tenacity to goal) Ego defence (protect one's self esteem) Value expressiveness (allowing you to display and identify and define you) Function = Chicken K.I.E.V |
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What other functions are there of attitude? name them and their founders. |
Smith Bruner & White = Saving energy - how we relate to an object eg. Study = good career. help positive experiences Fazio (1989) - main function is utilitarian - finding value whether - or +. having orientation helps to adjust to object. eg. afraid of snakes |
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Why do we study attitude even though there is conflicting notions? |
Maybe useful in preidcting and helping change their behaviour. |
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Do attitudes predict behaviour? |
Gregson & Stacey (1981) Only a small + correlation between attitudes and self reported alcoholism. - no evidence of any benefit - focusing on attitude change. but more economic incentive. |
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What did LaPiere (1934) do regarding behaviour/attitude research? What was the implication of his research? |
Study of ethnic attitudes in the US. - inconsistency between people's attitudes & behaviour. Anti - asian quite strong in US. Lapiere and two chinese friends went on sight seeing only reject once. 6mths same places surveyed answer they woudn't. behaviour different to |
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What did Wicker (1969) have to say about predicting attitude - behaviour research. |
Correlation not high than .30 Average was half .15 98% of behaviour determined about other things. |
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What was the attitude in 70's regarding predicting atttiutde and behaviour |
Not worth studying - extnct. If anything intervening is possible. |
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What is the attitude behaviour consistency? |
1. attitudes are more accessible 2. they are expressed publicly eg. doing questionarire 3. Whether a group identifies with individual high or low. |
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What aspects need to be considered when considering the attitude - behaviour link? |
A> B>B attitudes / beleifs / behavioural intentions more than just thurstone notion of postive/negative evaluation of object. |
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What is it about belief that needs to considered in predicting A * B. |
The strength of these belies. The VALUE THEY HAVE. without info prediction it becomes difficult. |
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How do we predict behaviour according Ajzen & Fishbein? |
Use specific Q's to identify specific behaviours. eg. Birth control Q's from vague to specific showed more specific showed more accurate prediction of behaviour. |
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What is theory of Reasoned action? Who coined the term? |
Reasoning that includes: Is it the social norm (subjective norm) Their attitude towards the behaviour The intention to act (behavioural intention) Behaviour - action performed. |
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Theory of Planned Action, what are the two aspects of it? |
1. Rationality of human behaviour Behaviour is under CONSCIOUS CONTROL |
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What is the tenet of TRA? |
The role of how much we can control is based, on How MUCH WE BELIEVE / EASY IT IS TO PERFORM AN ANCT. BASED ON PAST EXP. PRESENT OBSTACLES TO DEAL WITH |
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WHAT IS THE RESEARCH BEHIND TRA? |
Students surey: Ajzen & Madden, 1986( EG. PERCEPTIONS OF OWN ABILITIES ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR STUDENTS WHO WISH TO GET HD'S. |
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What else according to Azjen in TRA theory? |
Behavioural control can act either on B. INTENTION OR BEHAVIOUR ITSELF. |
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What study backed up the theory of TRA? Who were the authors of the study? |
Madden, Ellen & Azjen (1992) - Measured students perceptions of control in relation to 9 behaviours. eg. good nights sleep / taking vitamins. better inclined to take vitamins due to sleep. |
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Who evaluated TRA & TPB? What were the implications? |
Manstead & Parker(1995) Armitage & Connor (2001) - perceived behaviour control - emerged as significant variable. Can account for 20% prospective actual behaviour. |
