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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
natural selection
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the evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches
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evolutionary psychology
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the study of the evolution of behavior using principles of natural selection
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culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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norms
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rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. (In a different sense of the word, norms also describe what most others do - what is normal.)
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personal space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us.
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gender
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in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
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aggression
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings
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gender role
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a set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females
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interaction
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the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)
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conformity
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a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure
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compliance
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conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing. Obedience is acting in accord with a direct order.
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acceptance
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conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure
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autokinetic phenomenon
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self (auto) motion (kinetic). The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark
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confederate
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an accomplice of the experimenter
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normative influence
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conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance
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informational influence
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conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
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reactance
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a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action
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persuasion
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the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
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central route to persuasion
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occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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peripheral route to persuasion
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occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
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credibility
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believability; a credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy
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sleeper effect
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a delayed impact of a message occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forgot the reason for discounting it
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attractiveness
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having qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference
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primary effect
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other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence
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recency effect
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information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common than primacy effects
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channel of communication
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the way the message is delivered - whether face to face, in writing, on film, or some other way
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two-step flow of communication
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the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others
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cult
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a group typically characterized by (1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person, (2) isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture, and (3) a charismatic leader. (A sect, by contrast, is a spin-off from a major religion)
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attitude inoculation
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exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available
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group
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two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us"
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co-actors
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co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity
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social facilitation
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(1) original meaning - the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present. (2) Current meaning - the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others
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evaluation apprehension
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concern for how others are evaluating us
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social loafing
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the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
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free riders
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people who benefit from the group but give little in return
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deindividuation
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loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.
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group polarization
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group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group
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social comparison
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evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others
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groupthink
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"the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action"
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leadership
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the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group
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