Social Psychology - Part Three

Front 1

prejudice

Back 1

a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members

Front 2

stereotype

Back 2

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information

Front 3

discrimination

Back 3

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

Front 4

racism

Back 4

(1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race

Front 5

sexism

Back 5

(1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex

Front 6

stereotype threat

Back 6

a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unnlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects

Front 7

social identity

Back 7

the "we" aspect of our self-concept. The part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group

Front 8

ingroup

Back 8

"us" - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

Front 9

outgroup

Back 9

"them" - a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup

Front 10

ingroup bias

Back 10

the tendency to favor one's own group

Front 11

realistic group conflict theory

Back 11

the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

Front 12

ethnocentrism

Back 12

a belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and a corresponding disdain for all other groups

Front 13

outgroup homogeneity effect

Back 13

perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus "they are alike; we are diverse."

Front 14

own-race bias

Back 14

the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

Front 15

illusory correlation

Back 15

a false impression that two variables correlate

Front 16

fundamental attribution error

Back 16

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior

Front 17

group-serving bias

Back 17

explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attribting negative behaviors to their dispostitions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)

Front 18

just-world phenomenom

Back 18

the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Front 19

subtyping

Back 19

accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by splitting off a subgroup stereotype (such as "middle class Blacks" or "feminist women"; protects stereotypes

Front 20

aggression

Back 20

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Front 21

hostile aggression

Back 21

aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself (also called affective aggression)

Front 22

instrumental aggression

Back 22

aggression that is a means to some other end

Front 23

instinctive behavior

Back 23

an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species

Front 24

frustration

Back 24

the blocking of goal-directed behavior

Front 25

displacement

Back 25

the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target

Front 26

relative deprivation

Back 26

the perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself

Front 27

social learning theory

Back 27

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

Front 28

crowding

Back 28

a subjective feeling of not having enough space per person

Front 29

catharsis

Back 29

emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression

Front 30

prosocial behavior

Back 30

positive, constructive, helpful social behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior

Front 31

need to belong

Back 31

a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions

Front 32

proximity

Back 32

geographical nearness; (functional distance) powerfully predicts liking

Front 33

mere-exposure effect

Back 33

the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them

Front 34

matching phenomenom

Back 34

the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits

Front 35

physical-attractiveness stereotype

Back 35

the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: What is beautiful is good.

Front 36

complementarity

Back 36

the popularity supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other

Front 37

ingratiation

Back 37

the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor

Front 38

reward theory of attraction

Back 38

the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events

Front 39

passionate love

Back 39

a state of instense longing for union with another; absorbed in one another, feel ecstatic at attaingin their partner's love, and are disconsolated on losing it

Front 40

two-factor theory of emotion

Back 40

arousal x label = emotion

Front 41

companion love

Back 41

the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined

Front 42

equity

Back 42

a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it; needn't always be equal outcomes

Front 43

self-disclosure

Back 43

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Front 44

disclosure reciprocity

Back 44

the tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner