Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The ancient Greeks seemed to realize that the self is inherently ________ |
reflexive (it reflects back on itself) |
|
|
the great psychologist William James stated what about self? |
the self is what happens when "I" reflects back upon "Me." The self is both the I and the Me. |
|
|
What are the three broad psychological categories of the self? |
social actor, motivated agent, and autobiographical author |
|
|
There is nothing more important for human adaptation than the manner in which we perform our ______ as ______ in the everyday ______ of _____ _______ |
roles; actors; theatre; social life |
|
|
As social animals, human beings strive to _____ _____ and ______ _______ in the presence of each other. |
get along; get ahead |
|
|
Evolution has prepared us to care deeply about social acceptance and social status. Thus, it makes consummate evolutionary sense that....? |
the human "I" should apprehend the "Me" first and foremost as a social actor |
|
|
For human beings, the sense of the self as a social actor beings to emerge and around the age of? |
18 months |
|
|
When do children begin using words such as "me" and "mine" and what does this suggest? |
In the second year of life; it suggests that the I now has linguistic labels that can be applied reflexively to itself |
|
|
Emotions tell the social actor what? |
how well he or she is performing in the group. E.G. When I do things that win the approval of others, I feel proud of myself.
|
|
|
What did Erikson argue that conflicted with Freud's use of the term "ego" |
Erickson argued that experiences of trust and interpersonal attachment in the first year of life help to consolidate the autonomy of the ego in the second |
|
|
How does the I come to know Me through reflection? |
By noting how other people in my social world react to my performances. In the development of the self as a social actor, other people function like mirrors---they reflect who I am back to me |
|
|
What are the well established taxonomy of five broad trait domains in adult personality (the Big 5)? |
Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to experience |
|
|
By late childhood moreover, self-conceptions will likely also include important _____? |
social roles E.G. "I am a good student, "I am the oldest daughter," or "I am a good friend to Sarah" |
|
|
What do trait terms capture? |
Trait terms capture perceived consistencies in social performance. They convey what I reflexively perceive to be my overall acting style, based in part on how I think others see me as an actor in many different social situations.
|
|
|
What do roles capture? |
the quality, as I perceive it, of important structured relationships in my life. |
|
|
Taken together, traits and roles make up the main features of my _____? |
social reputation, as I apprehend it in my own mind |
|
|
Many broad psychological theories of the self prioritize the motivational qualities of human behavior- the inners needs, wants, desires, goals, values, plans, programs, fears, and aversions that seem to give behavior direction and purpose. These kinds of theories explicitly conceive of ____? |
the self as a motivating agent |
|
|
According to developmental psychology, acquiring theory of mind occurs for most children at what age? At what point does it truly begin? |
Age of 4; Once a child understand that other people's behaviors is often motivated by inner desires and goals |
|
|
People have desires and goals in their minds and these inner desires and goals _____ their ______ |
motivate; behavior |
|
|
What is the age 5 to 7 shift? |
suggests that children become more playful, intentional, and systematic in their pursuit of valued goals during this time. Schooling reinforces the shift in that teachers and curricula place increasing demands on students to work hard, adhere to schedules, focus on goals, and achieve success in particular well defined task domains. |
|
|
What does the relative success of children achieving their most cherished goals impact ? |
Determining children's self esteem |
|
|
What is the greatest achievement for the self as a motivated agent? |
Committing oneself to an integrated suite of life goals and values |
|
|
For adolescents and young adults, establishing identity involves _____? |
an integrated and realistic sense of what I want and value in life and how I plan to achieve it |
|
|
According to Erikson, identity achievement is always provisional for adults because ____? |
adults continue to work on their identities as they move into midlife and beyond, relinquishing old goals in favor of new ones and shifting their priorities in response to changing life circumstances |
|
|
When you try to change your traits or roles, you take aim at the _____ |
social actor |
|
|
When you try to change your values or life goals, you are focusing on _______ as a _______ _______
|
yourself; motivating agent |
|
|
As an autobiographical author, developing an identity involves more than the exploration and commitment to life goals and values (self as motivating agent), and more than committing to new roles and re-evaluating old traits (self as social actor), it involves achieving ______? |
a sense of temporal continuity in life- a reflexive understanding of how I have come to be the person I am becoming |
|
|
What is a narrative identity? |
An internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future in such a way as to provide a person's life with some degree of unity, meaning, and purpose over time |
|
|
In order to provide life with the sense of temporal continuity and deep meaning that Erikson believed identity should confer, we must author ______? |
a personalized life story that integrates our understanding of who we once were, who we are today, and who we become in the future.
|
|
|
What does the autobiographical story help explain? |
why the social actor does what it does and why the motivating agent wants what it wants and how the person as a whole has developed over time, from the past's reconstructed beginning to the future's imagined ending. |
|
|
It not until adolescence that human beings express advanced storytelling skills and what psychologists call ______ |
autobiographical reasoning
|
|
|
In autobiographical reasoning, a ______ is able to derive substantive conclusions about the self from analyzing his or her own _______ _______
|
narrator; personal experiences |
|
|
What emphasizes the strong effect of culture on narrative identity? |
Self as autobiographical author |
|
|
As an example of the link between culture and narrative identity, what do redemptive narratives track? |
The move from suffering to an enhanced status or state, while scripting the development of a chosen protagonist who journeys forth into a dangerous and unredeemed world. |
|
|
What are Heuristics? |
Mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently |
|
|
What relation do Heuristics have with schemas? When do we used Heuristics? |
Have the same benefits and problems as schemas; used when we are not motivated or able to engage in more careful and effortful processing
|
|
|
What are the pro's and con's of Heuristics?
|
Pro: often produces accurate approximation without requiring much work to be done. Con: sometimes leads to significant bias in a consistent fashion. ---> Example of con: Gaze heuristic - baseball - catching the ball automatically |
|
|
What is Availability heuristic? |
Involves estimating frequency or probability by the ease with which instances or associations can be brought to mind E.G. chances of raining? / chances I will make it in Hollywood? |
|
|
Why do we use the availability heuristic ? |
availability is based on fundamental aspects of memory search. we often don't get the necessary feedback to correct availability judgements. |
|
|
What is an Anchoring heuristic? |
a mental shortcut whereby people use a number of value as a starting point and then adjust insufficiently; even arbitrary numbers have influence on judgements |
|
|
What is a Representative heuristic? |
a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case |
|
|
At what age toddlers most aggressive? |
ages 1-3 they rely on physical aggression to resolve conflict and get what they want, at least 25% of their actions are aggressive |
|
|
As children get older, they learn to control their?
|
aggressive impulses and resolve conflict using nonaggressive means (compromise and negotiation) |
|
|
Although most people become less aggressive over time, there is a small subset of people that become what? |
more aggressive over time and these people are the most dangerous during late adolescence and early adulthood |
|
|
At all ages, males are more ______ than females |
aggressive (females still use physical aggression when provoked by other females) |
|
|
Females are much more likely to engage in relational aggression, which is? |
intentionally harming another person's social relations feelings of acceptance or inclusion within a group E.G. gossip, spreading rumors, silent treatment |
|
|
What are some External/Situational factors of aggression? |
Frustration, weapons, violent media, and alcohol |
|
|
What are Subtle/" modern" biases? |
unexamined and sometimes unconscious biases with real consequences |
|
|
What is modern racism? |
a subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in direct ways whenever it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize. This can lead to unconscious forms of prejudice and discrimination |
|
|
What are implicit automatic biases? |
biases that are unintended, immediate, and irresistible |
|
|
Own-group preference |
we prefer our own groups implicating that we must like other groups less |
|
|
what is implicit association test used to measure? |
own-group preference; demonstrates the apparently positive value people assign to their own group v.s. outsiders, in that they tend to group positive ideas with qualities similar to their own |
|
|
What can subtle biases lead to? |
economic discrimination, whereby fewer resources are allocated to outgroups that feel the brunt of society’s stereotypes |
|
|
What is social cognition? |
how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgement and decisions |
|
|
What are the two kind of social cognitions? |
Automatic thinking - Quick and without control (Ex: jamming on breaks)
Controlled thinking - Effortful and deliberate (Ex: Important life decisions) |
|
|
What types of subtle biases are explicit? |
ambitious and ambivalent |
|
|
What are the 2 elements does ambivalent sexism? |
Hostile Sexism – characterized by negative feelings about women’s abilities, values, and ability to challenge men’s power Benevolent Sexism – characterized by affectionate, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection A person can be both hostile AND benevolent sexist |
|
|
What does the Stereotype content model propose? |
social groups are judged according to their perceived warmth & competence;
when people learn about a new group, they first want to know if its intentions are good/bad |
|
|
When do you consider a group to be warm or cold? |
Warm – If the other group is perceived to have good, cooperative intentions, they are considered warm and trustworthy—on our side.·
Cold - Otherwise, they are thought of as cold competitors or exploiters—not on our side. |
|
|
What is the difference between competent and incompetent? |
If they are perceived as incompetent, they matter less to us because they will neither be helpful nor a threat. The extreme ingroups and outgroups are only part of the equation; most groups fall more toward the middle of the warmth/competence spectrum, engaging a complex mix of feelings |
|
|
What are the 2 fundamental dimensions of warmth and competence? |
Positive (Competent + Warm) Negative (Incompetent + Cold) |
|
|
What are the types of mixed stereotypes and the differences between them? |
Paternalistic stereotypes = Warm + Incompetent (e.g., old & disabled people) Envious stereotypes = Cold + Competent (e.g., Asians, business executives, rich people) |
|
|
What are the 4 different combinations of warmth & competence that are associated with different intergroup emotions? |
1. Incompetent + Cold = Contempt/Disgust
2. Incompetent + Warm = Pity 3. Competent + Cold = Envy 4. Competent + Warm = Pride |
|
|
What are the limits of Self fulfilling prophecies? |
People true nature can win out in social interaction, but it takes effort on the part of the perceiver
Self-fulfilling prophecies are most likely to occur when people are distracted. |
|
|
What is the order of procedure for self-fulfilling prophecies? |
1. People have an expectation about what a person or group is like
2. Which influences how they act towards that person 3. Which causes the person to behave consistently with the expectation 4. Which makes the expectation come true 5. Which provides “proof” that the original expectation was correct |
|
|
What is the concept of the Catharsis hypothesis based on? |
by performing an aggressive act, such as watching others engage in aggressive behaviors,or engaging in a fantasy of aggression
relieves built-up aggressive energies & hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior |
|
|
Many people ____ report feeling _____ angry after blowing off steam by yelling, cursing, or hitting, but it does ____ generally _____ the need for further ______ |
DO; LESS; NOT; REDUCE; AGGRESSION |
|
|
What is a reason why redemption narratives would not work? |
Redemptive narratives have shortcomings that mirror cultural biases and stereotypes because they might give the naive expectation that suffering will always be redeemed.
Thus, may not work in other cultures as other cultures have their own storehouse of narrative forms. |
|
|
What is the stereotype threat? |
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
|
|
|
What are the two types of stereotype threat? |
Natural athletic ability – black athletes performed better than white athletes Sport strategic intelligence – black athletes performed worse than whites
Ex: Math test (with gender differences: women did not perform as well as men; w/o gender differences: both performed equally well) |
|
|
What are the 2 routes from the elaboration likelihood model? |
central route and peripheral route |
|
|
What is the central route? |
case whereby people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, as occurs when people have both the ability & the motivation to listen carefully to a communication
|
|
|
What is the peripheral route? |
case whereby people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by peripheral cues
|
|
|
What is affective forecasting? Why is it important? |
how people are predicting how they will feel in the future *many of our most important life decisions involve thinking about what will make us happy in the future *we have difficulty in predicting responses to future emotional events, particularly negative events |
|
|
What is the idea of the social learning theory? |
we learn social behavior (e.g., aggression) by observing others and imitating them
|
|
|
How does the example of Bandura's bobo doll illustrate the social learning theory? |
66 nursery children divided into 3 groups- All 3 watched a film of an adult (the model) kicking & punching a “bobo” doll- Conditions:
1. Children saw the model being rewarded by second adult 2. Children saw a second adult telling off the model for the aggressive behavior 3. The model was neither punished nor rewarded |
|
|
What is the difference between explicit vs implicit attitudes? |
Explicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the conscious level, are deliberately formed and are easy to self-report. Implicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the unconscious level, are involuntarily formed and are typically unknown to us. |
|
|
Who suggested the self perception theory and what did he suggest? |
Daryl Bem: suggested that we learn about ourselves simply by watching our own behavior = SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY
|
|
|
How do you define the self perception theory? |
Self-Perception theory: when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain insight by observing their own behavior
we infer our inner feelings from our behavior only when we are not sure how we feel |
|
|
What is the misattribution of arousal? |
the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they feel
*Arousal from one source (e.g. caffeine) can enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings (e.g. attraction to someone) |
|
|
In ambivalence, how do we define attitude dimensionality? |
attitudes are summary evaluations, but that does not mean that there cannot be different components to them positivity and negativity are independent dimensions that underlie attitudes |
|
|
What is ambivalence characterized by? |
characterized by strong (+) and strong (-) feelings toward an attitude object
|
|
|
How do you define accessibility? |
The extent to which a concept is at the forefront of someone’s mind and thus likely to be used in making judgements about the social world.
|
|
|
How can a concept become accessible? |
It is chronically accessible : thinking about it all the time It is related to a current goal: working on it It is temporarily accessible because of a recent experience (priming) |
|
|
How do you define priming and what is priming a good example of? |
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept.
Priming is a good example of automatic thinking because it occurs quickly, unintentionally, and unconsciously. |
|
|
What does the spotlight effect refer to? |
the tendency for individuals to think that others are observing them more closely think they actually are;
the tendency to overestimate the amount of people who notice something about you |
|
|
What is the difference between stereotypes vs prejudice vs discrimination? |
Stereotypes - A generalization about a group of people regardless of actual variation among the members
Prejudice - A hostile or negative attitude towards people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group Discrimination - Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership |
|
|
What is a schema and how do they help us? |
mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world (e.g. Dalmatian & cow images) help us organize our world, “fill in the gaps”, understand confusing situationsact like mental “scripts” that tell us how to behave in novel situations, around new people lead us to interpret ambiguous situations in line with expectationsinfluence what we remember Influence what we remember Also apply to object and people |
|
|
What are the different mechanisms and techniques of persuasion? |
1.“Free Gifts” & Reciprocity – we feel compelled to repay
2. Social Proof – if everyone is doing it, it must be right; social comparison + conformity; occurs when a person is uncertain & the comparison group is similar to ourselves 3. Foot-in-the-Door – small request -> agree -> large request -> agree (commitment & consistency) 4. A Door-in-the-Face – large request -> reject -> small request -> agree (compromise) 5. “And that’s Not All!” – high price -> reject -> better deal (lower price/ adding a bonus product) 6. The Sunk Cost Trap – nonrecoverable investments of time/ money 7. Scarcity & Psychological Reactance – (1) Scarcity: people tend to perceive things as more attractive when their availability is limited; (2) psychological reactance: when a person seems too pushy, we get suspicious, annoyed, angry, & retain our freedom of choice |
|
|
What is aggression? |
Aggression – intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain (physical/psychological) to another person;
it is NOT (1) assertiveness, (2) complaining, (3) unintentional harm |
|
|
What are the two types of aggression and what are the differences? |
Hostile Aggression – aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain Instrumental Aggression – aggression as a means to complete a goal |
