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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Instrumental Aggression |
harmdoing that is motivated by goals other than hurting the target, such as obtaining something of value. |
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Relational Aggression |
Behavior that is intended to damage another person's peer relationships |
affects *relation*ships |
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Hostile Aggression |
harmdoing that arises out of negative emotions such as anger, frustration, or hatred |
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis - Original |
Twin propositions: 1. Frustration always leads to some form of aggression 2. frustration is the only cause of aggression Green experiment highlighted problem with this |
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis - Revised |
Post-Green Experiment: frustration *sometimes* causes aggression and aggression is *sometimes* caused by frustration |
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Jigsaw Puzzle Study |
Frustration Aggression hypothesis |
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Displaced Aggression |
harmdoing that is directed at someone or something that was not the actual source of frustraiton |
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Excitation Transfer |
the idea that physiological arousal from sources other than frustration or anger an be linked to anger-related thoughts and cognitions, thereby increasing aggression |
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Sources of psysiological arousal in Excitation transfer |
-blood pressure -heart rate -temperature |
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Exercise Bike Study |
Excitation Transfer Arousal+Anger = aggression |
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Threats |
Often times make us want to do the opposite. reactance theory - people want to protect their behavioral freedoms Trucking company experiment |
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Social Learning Theory |
Any approach proposing that humans learn many kinds of responses by observing others; observations shows people both how to perform a behavior and whether the behavior will be rewarded/punished |
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Bobo Doll Study |
Social learning theory kids saw bobo doll being punched. Then denied fun toys. Led into normal toy room with aggressive toys. More children acted aggressively than the control |
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General Aggression Model |
broad theory that conceptualizes aggression as the result of a chain of psychological processes, including situational events, aggressive thoughts and feelings, and interpretations of the situation |
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Cognitive neoassociation model of aggression |
Theory of harmdoing proposing that aversive events activate the schemas for fight and flight which elicit the emotions of anger and fear; whether people respond with aggression or escape depends on the pattern of cues in the situation. |
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Alcohol and Aggression |
Does increase aggression. Alcohol myopia. |
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Heat and aggression |
Aggressive behavior is more likely to occur when it is hot. Aversive arousal |
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Catharsis |
Idea that aggressive behavior releases people's pent up frustration and reduces the likelihood of subsequent aggression |
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USA regional homicide rate differences |
Southern parts of country have higher homicide rate Culture of Honor |
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Culture of Honor |
A social network in which men are taught from an early age to defend their reputation for strength by responding to insults or threats with aggression |
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Culture of Honor/testosterone Study |
Southern Participants - insulted have much higher testosterone |
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When anger comes online in humans |
Within first 6 months of life. Between ages of 1 and 2 years, children begin to target aggressive behavior at others. |
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TV violence |
Link between aggressive behavior and TV. 1. Watch a lot of violent TV and 2. identify strongly with aggressive characters featured on tv |
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Erotica |
Sexually explicit material that depicts nonviolent, consensual sexual activity |
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Degradng pornography |
Sexually explicit material that debases or dehumanizes people, usually woman |
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Violent Pornography |
sexually explicit material that depicts aggressive, hostile sexual activity. |
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Violence |
aggression that is intended to cause extreme injury |
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Dehumanization |
The process of perceiving members of a group as subhuman or inferior to members of one's own group; allows people to inflict pain and suffering on the group without worrying about the morality of their behavior |
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Cognitive relaxation coping skills training |
intervention program designed to reduce anger, which involves teaching people a set of relaxation techniques and ways to modify their anger-related thoughts. |
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Prosocial Behavior |
any action that provides benefit to others |
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Helping |
behavior that is intended to assist another person. |
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Types of helping |
Casual helping, emergency helping, substantial personal helping, emotional helping |
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Empathy |
The ability to comprehend how another person is experiencing a situation. |
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Empathy-altruism hypothesis |
idea that feelings of empathy for a person can lead to behavior that is motivated solely by wanting to help that person |
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The Elaine study |
low empathy/easy escape - less help |
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Norm of social responsibility |
The rule or guideline that we should help those who need help, if possible |
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Terrorism |
Actual or threatened violence against civilians for alleged political purposes. |
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Modeling helpful behavior |
Observing the actions of a helpful model increases individuals' helpfuness |
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Mustang study |
Modeling helpful behavior - showed a person being helped 1/4 mile before seeing a woman with a Mustang with a flat tire |
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Unilateral conciliatory initiatives |
Actions to reduce conflict that one group takes without any request from the opponent and without any explicit demands for concessions from the opponent |
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Guilt and helping |
Guilt increases helping. dropped cards asked "please don't step on them" increased helping. |
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Interpersonal reactivity index |
A measure reflecting the extent to which people feel empathy in response to others' experiences |
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Factors that influence helping |
Social Norms, Models, Blame ,Good mood, guilt, individual differences |
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Volunteerism |
unpaid helping behavior that is given willingly to a worthwhile cause or organization |
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Emergency helping and what predicts whether someone will help in an emergency |
Offering help in an emergency situation. Must notice the event, interpret it as an emergency, accept personal responsibility for helping, decide on appropriate form of assistance, and implement the decision to help |
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Princeton Theological Seminary study |
Noticing - two groups were told they had to do a talk on topics. One was good samarititan parable. Hurry vs rush. Slumped victim in doorway. 63% helped in low hurry, 45% intermediate, 10% high hurry. High hurry didn't notice. |
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Bystander effect |
likelihood that an individual will intervene in an emergency goes down as the number of bystanders increases. |
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Decision tree of helping |
1. Notice Event 2. interpret as emergency 3. Accept personal responsibility 4. Decide on an appropriate form of assistance 5. Implement the action |
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Dyadic relationships |
Relationships between two people |
Dyad |
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Interpersonal attraction |
Study of attraction or liking between two or more people |
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Attractiveness and the legal system |
Beautiful is considered to be good. Jurors generally rate physically attractive defendants as less guilty and less deserving of punishment. This can backfire if attractiveness is used as a mechanism for crime. |
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Popular children |
children who are named frequently by others in a sociometric rating procedure. |
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Rejected-aggressive children |
Children who are unpopular because they commonly engage in disruptive aggressive behaviors |
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Rejected-withdrawn children |
Children who are spurned by their peers because of social awkwardness and immaturity. |
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Infant attachment |
Infant-caregiver relationships. Attachment theory studied through this. |
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Strange Situation |
Measures baby's responses to strangers, separation from mother, and reunions with mother. |
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Working model of close relationships |
the feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and expectations learned during the course of an infant's first close relationships. |
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Ways of measuring adult attachment |
Adult Attachment Interview. |
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Exchange relationships |
a relationship which the partners tend to keep track of what they have given and what they have received and strive to keep the books balanced |
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Communal relationships |
A relationship in which the receipt of a benefit creates no specific obligation to return that benefit; responding to the needs of your partner is the benefit. |
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Equity and relationships |
Equity theory - perceived fairness or balance in interpresonal relationships, such that both partners perceive that they are receiving relatively equal outcomes. |
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Lee's Love Styles |
People differ in their styles of love - eros, storge, and ludus. Eros: erotic style of loving. Passionate Storge: slow build Ludus: Love is a game |
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Intimacy and attachment style |
Interactive process in which a person feels understood, validated, and cared for as a result of a partner's response. |
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Weapons effect |
Presence or even a picture of a weapon leads to more aggression |
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Trait aggressiveness |
A disposition that represents how likely people are to respond to provocations with aggression |
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Categories of people who batter in their relationships & Responsiveness to Treatment |
Family only - least violent with regret and respond well to treatment Dysphoric/borderline: more violent, can be more severe. Can be outside of home. Harder to treat. Generally violent/Antisocial: Violent who don't discriminate in aggression. Substance abuse. Hard to treat. |
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Children who Witness Domestic Violence |
Many children who are exposed to violence show consequences. Increased risk of either perpetrating or being a victim of domestic abuse. |
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How to reduce instrumental aggression |
Teaching people nonaggressive strategies to achieve a goal |
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Impact of violent video games relative to violent television |
Connection has been shown to this. However, it is less than violent TV. |
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Egoistic motivation for helping |
motive for helping in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishments |
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Altruistic motivation for helping |
A motive for helping purely for the sake of providing benefit to another person. |
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Norm of reciprocity and helping |
Idea that acceptance of aid puts you in another's debt. |
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Just World Theory |
model proposing that humans need to believe that the world is a fair place where people generally get what they deserve |
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Good mood and helping |
People help more when they are in a good mood. |
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Dime in a telephone study |
Good mood. People who found dime helped more. |
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Altruistic personality over time |
Children who share toys as children tend to be more altruistic. |
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Implicit bystander effect |
Just thinking about being in a group produces an effect parallel to the original bystander effect. |
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Population density and helping |
Large cities generally feel less responsible for the well being of strangers. Therefore there is less helping in larger cities. |
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Culture and helping |
collectivist cultures believe moral responsibility to help in even minor situations. Individualists less so. |
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Attitude-similarity effect and attraction |
The idea that people find others more attractive and likable the more similar they are in their attitudes beliefs and preferences. |
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Self-disclosure and liking |
people revealling to one another increasingly personal and intimate details. |
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Physically attractive people Qualities |
Average faces, .7 hip to waist ratio for women, 1.0 hip to waist ratio for men |
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The pain of social rejection |
Social rejection registers neurologically like physical pain |
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Types of adult attachment |
Secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant |
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Two aspects of the adult working model of attachment |
Working model of the other - thoughts beliefs and judgments bout whether or not the other person can be trusted and relied upon to provide support Working model of self - perceptions of yourself as a person who is worthy of support and protection |
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love |
Idea that a wide variety of love experiences can be understood as combinations of three basic components: Intimacy, passion, and commitment. |
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what makes relationships happy |
closeness, providing benefits, equity. |
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Investment model of close relationships |
satisfaction and stability in a relationship depend on the degree to which its partners feel committed to the relationship. commitment is determined by the balance or trade off between the positive and negative aspects of the relationship, with the idea that people compare the value of their current relationship with the value of available alternatives. |
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The end of a relationship and how people feel |
People feel bad but it dissipates. |
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Interdependence and adult relationships |
a sharing of contributions and outcomes by two people |
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Casual Helping |
giving someone a snack, answering a question |
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Emergency Helping |
-Offering assistance or calling for help after injury -returning money -taking someone to a hospital |
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Substantial personal helping |
-giving a ride longer than 20 miles -doing laundry for someone -sending homemade food |
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Emotional helping |
-Giving moral support -comforting someone |
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Dimensions of helping |
--planned/formal vs spontaneous/informal -seriousness of problem -"giving what you have" vs "doing what you can" |
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