Social Psychology Exam 3

Front 1

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Back 1

Aggression

Front 2

Aggression that springs from anger; it's goal is to injure.

Back 2

Hostile aggression

Front 3

Aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end.

Back 3

Instrumental aggression

Front 4

An innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species.

Back 4

Instinctive behavior

Front 5

The theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress.

Back 5

Frustration-aggression theory

Front 6

The blocking of goal-directed behavior.

Back 6

Frustration

Front 7

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target.

Back 7

Displacement

Front 8

The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself.

Back 8

Relative deprivation

Front 9

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished.

Back 9

Social learning theory

Front 10

Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior.

Back 10

Prosocial behavior

Front 11

Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations.

Back 11

Social scripts

Front 12

Emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that the aggressive drive is reduced when on "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression.

Back 12

Catharsis

Front 13

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions.

Back 13

Need to belong

Front 14

Geographical nearness. Functional distance powerfully predicts liking.

Back 14

Proximity

Front 15

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more positively after the rater had been repeatedly exposed to them.

Back 15

Mere-exposure effect

Front 16

The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits.

Back 16

Matching phenomenon

Front 17

The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good.

Back 17

Physical-attractiveness stereotype

Front 18

The popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other.

Back 18

Complementarity

Front 19

The use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor.

Back 19

Ingratiation

Front 20

The theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events.

Back 20

Reward theory of attraction

Front 21

A state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partners love, and are disconsolate on losing it.

Back 21

Passionate love

Front 22

Arousal x it's label = emotion.

Back 22

Two-factor theory of emotion

Front 23

The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply interwined.

Back 23

Compassionate love

Front 24

Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy.

Back 24

Secure attachment

Front 25

Attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others.

Back 25

Avoidant attachment

Front 26

Attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence.

Back 26

Insecure attachment

Front 27

A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it. Note: equitable outcomes needn't always be equal outcomes.

Back 27

Equity

Front 28

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Back 28

Self disclosure

Front 29

The tendency for one persons intimacy of self disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.

Back 29

Disclosure reciprocity

Front 30

A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for ones self interest.

Back 30

Altruism

Front 31

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize ones rewards and minimize ones costs.

Back 31

Social-exchange theory

Front 32

A motive (supposedly underlying all behavior) to increase ones own welfare. The opposite of altruism, which aims to increase another's welfare.

Back 32

Egoism

Front 33

An expectation that people will help, not help, those who have helped them.

Back 33

Reciprocity norm

Front 34

The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network.

Back 34

Social capital

Front 35

An expectation that people will help those needing help.

Back 35

Social responsibility norm

Front 36

The idea that evolution had selected altruism toward ones close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.

Back 36

Kin selection

Front 37

The vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes.

Back 37

Empathy

Front 38

The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.

Back 38

Bystander effect

Front 39

A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counter offers with a more reasonable request.

Back 39

Door in the face technique

Front 40

The perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness. Moral inclusion is regarding others as within ones circle of moral concern.

Back 40

Moral exclusion

Front 41

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as extremely controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.

Back 41

Over justification effect

Front 42

A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.

Back 42

Conflict

Front 43

A condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships.

Back 43

Peace

Front 44

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing it's self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Examples include the prisoners dilemma and the tragedy of the commons.

Back 44

Social trap

Front 45

The "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse-the tragedy - of the commons.

Back 45

Tragedy of the commons

Front 46

Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose.

Back 46

Non zero sum games

Front 47

Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive.

Back 47

Mirror-image perceptions

Front 48

Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status. Thus, to reduce prejudice, interracial contact should ideal be between persons equal in status.

Back 48

Equal-status contact

Front 49

A shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from on another.

Back 49

Superordinate goal

Front 50

Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties.

Back 50

Bargaining

Front 51

An attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions.

Back 51

Mediation

Front 52

Resolution of a conflict by neutral third party who studies bother sides and imposes a settlement.

Back 52

Arbitration

Front 53

Win win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit.

Back 53

Integrative agreements

Front 54

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction --- a stradegy designed to de-escalate international tensions.

Back 54

GRIT