Social Psychology Exam 1

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social psychology

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scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

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social neuroscience

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an integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors

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culture

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enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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social representations

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socially shared beliefs widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. our social representations help us make sense of our world

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hindsight bias

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the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out (i knew it all along phenomenon)

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theory

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an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events

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hypotheses

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testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events

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field research

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research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory

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correlational research

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study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables

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experimental research

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studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulation one or more factors while controlling others

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random sample

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survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion

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framing

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the way a question or an issue is posed, framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions

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independent variable

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experimental factor that a researcher manipulates

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dependent variable

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variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable

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random assignment

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process of assigning participant to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition

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mundane realism

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degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

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experimental realism

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degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants

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deception

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research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes

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demand characteristics

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cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected

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informed consent

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an ethical principle requiring that research participants by told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

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debriefing

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in social psychology, the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants. debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings

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conformity

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change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

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compliance

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conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

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obedience

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acting in accord with a direct order or command

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acceptance

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conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

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autokinetic phenomenon

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self motion, apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark

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cohesiveness

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we feeling, the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another

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normative influence

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conformity based on a persons desire to fulfill others expectations, often to gain acceptance

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informational influence

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conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

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reactance

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motive to protect or restore ones sense of freedom. reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

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persuasion

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process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

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central route to persuasion

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occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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peripheral route to persuasion

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occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness

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credibility

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believability, a credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy

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sleeper effect

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delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it

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attractiveness

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having qualities that appeal to an audience, an appealing communicator is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference

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primacy effect

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other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence

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recency effect

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information presented last sometimes has the most influence, recency effects are less common than primacy effects

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channel of communication

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way the message is delivered- whether face-to-face, in writing, on film, or in some other way

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two-step flow of communication

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process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others

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need for cognition

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motivation to think and analyze. assessed by agreement with items such as the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me and disagreement with items such as i only think as hard as i have to

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cult (religious movement)

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group typically characterized by 1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person 2) isolation from the surrounding evil culture 3) charismatic leader

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attitude inoculation

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exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available

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group

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two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as us

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co-actors

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co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity

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social facilitation

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1 original meaning:tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present 2 current meaning: strengthening of dominant responses in presence of others

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evaluation apprehension

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concern for how others are evaluating us

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social loafing

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tendency for pople to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

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free riders

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people who benefit from the group but give little in return

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deindividuation

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loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, occurs in group situation, occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

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group polarization

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group-produced enhancement of members preexisting tendencies, a strengthening of the members average tendency, not a split within the group

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social comparison

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evaluating ones opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

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pluralistic ignorance

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false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

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groupthink

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the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

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leadership

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process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

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Task leadership

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leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals

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social leadership

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leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

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transformational leadership

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leadership that, enabled by a leaders vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence