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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
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you can start to make a better attribution correspondence. The better we can make a decision the higher the correspondence inferences. The less able we are to make a decision, the lower the correspondence inferences.
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As consequences increases
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attitude
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favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in one's beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior
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Attribution process
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from the observers side, way in which observer forms impressions about the performer
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Attribution theory
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the theory of how people explain others behavior
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availability heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of their availability
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Behavioral confirmation
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a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby peoples social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
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Belief perseverance
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persistence of ones initial conceptions
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cognitive dissonance
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tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent cognitions
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Collectivism
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giving priority to the goals of ones groups (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly
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confirmation bias
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tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions
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Correlational research
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the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
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counterfactual thinking
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imaging alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not
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Culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Debriefing
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way to win over participants to his side, indicates to them that he really did the experiment for scientific reasons and not talk about the experiment, gives participants the point of the researcher
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Deception
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cover story to improve the results of the test. It takes all elements of an experiment and ties it together into a believable story.
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Demand characteristics
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cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected
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demand characteristics
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experimenter gives subtle cues to participants as to how to respond
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dependent variable
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the variable being measured by researchers
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Dispositions
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A natural or acquired habit or characteristic tendency in a person or thing
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Dual attitudes
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differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion
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Erving Goffman
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revealed that its not about who you are its about how you present yourself, he describes how people will behave in certain ways so others can form specific impressions about them, he came up with a dramaturgical perspective (presentation of self), peoples perspective is like in a theatre setting, Actors=us, Audience=them
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experimental method
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method for exploring causal relationship between 2 or more variable
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Experimental realism
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degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants
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Experimental research
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studies that examine cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)
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Experimental research
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studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)
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external locus of control
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believe rewards and punishments occur independent of what they do
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false consensus
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overestimate commonality of our opinions and undesirable behavior
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false uniqueness
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tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or successful behaviors
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Field research
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research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request
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Fundamental attribution error
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tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behaviors (Also called correspondence bias)
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heuristic
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a rule-of-thumb strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements
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hindsight bias (I knew it all along phenomenon)
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tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out.
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Hypothesis
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a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events
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Illusion of control
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perception of uncontrollable events as subject to ones control or as more controllable than they are
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Illusory correlation
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perception of a relationship where none exists
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Impression management
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from performer side, deals with how the person who is being observed controls the process
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impression management
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from performer side, deals with how the person who is being observed controls the process, technique or set of tactics employed by performer as a means to influence or subvert the perceptions which the observer forms.
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independent variable
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manipulated by researchers
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Individualism
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the concept of giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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Informed consent
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an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
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internal locus of control
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take credit for success and failure
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Just world Hypothesis
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created by Melvin Lerner, The theory suggests that we all have a need to believe in a world where justice reigns. Good people are awarded, bad people are punished. When good people suffer we dont feel good.
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learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
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LeBon
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said that the crowd generates a kind of psyche that influences the individual, a kind of group mind
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Levels of significance
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data differences that is sufficient to show something is due or not due to chance alone, statistical tests determine how likely it is that the independent variable is involved only by chance.
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locus of control
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the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces
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Manipulation checks
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allows scientists to make sure the results are from what they really want to find out in an experiment
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methodology
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process of doing social psychology research
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Misinformation effect
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incorporating misinformation into ones memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it.
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Mundane realism
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degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations
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Naturalist fallacy
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the error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable
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interdependent
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Non-Western view of self
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operational definition
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explains something within a specific case
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overconfidence phenomenon
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tendency to overestimate the accuracy of ones belief
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Performance style test
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created by Ring, Braginsky, and Braginsky, measurement of how people try to alter their persona to fit different situations, P scale-person, C scale-chameleon, flexible and can change and blend in situations, does not have internal anchoring like P (take me or leave me), R scale-Roll player, high on skill, motivation, and knowledge of scripts, people that gives a good performance, they look at Ps and think they are naïve
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Possible-selves
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images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
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Power of the situation
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people dont realize how much the social situation can really affect you
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Priming
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activating particular association in memory
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Psychosomatic theory
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argues that people eat and respond to anxiety. If this is right then we would expect overweight people to eat more during higher anxiety
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pump handle solution
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like taking away guns by adding metal detectors, isnt the root of the problem it is the social situation
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Random assignment (Note that distinction between random assignment in experiments and random sampling helps us infer cause and effect. Random sampling helps us infer cause and effect. Random sampling helps us generalize to a population.)
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the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition
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Random sample
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survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion
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Randomization
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Since we can't clone people and keep all variables stable, we encounter certain differences and problems. So, what can we do when choosing participants in an experiment?
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reflections from others
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how we view others is important for how we view ourselves
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Regression toward the average
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the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward ones average
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representativeness heuristic
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presuming despite contrary odds that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member
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Role
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set of norms that define how people in a given social position ought to behave
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Internal/External Schacteterian theory
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developed by Stanly Schachter and suggests that oversize people pay attention to different kind of cues related to eating, external queues (seeing a restaurant, time of day) and internal queues (gastric contractions, blood sugar level), overweight people are not as capable to monitoring their internal queues. They are overly influenced by external queues
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self handicapping
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process whereby people produce excuses for their performance
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Self Monitoring
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created by Snyder, measurement of how people try to alter their persona to fit different situations, High self monitor people that pay close attention to what you do and others reactions and adjust to feedback, Low self monitor opposite of high self monitor
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self perception theory
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when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs
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self schemas
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beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
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Self-awareness
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a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
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self-concept
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persons answer to the question Who am I?
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self-discrepancy theory
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view of self includes how the self schemas relate to each other
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Self-efficacy
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a sense that one is competent and effective
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self-esteem
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persons overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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peoples expectations lead them to act in ways that produce the apparent confirmation
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self-monitoring
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being attuned to the way one presents oneself and adjusting behavior
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Self-presentation
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the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to ones ideas
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Self-reference effect
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the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself
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self-serving bias
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tendency to perceive oneself favorably
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social comparisons
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we assess our qualities by comparing ourselves to others
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social facilitation
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Triplett discovered this when he noticed how people seemed to do stuff better like wining fishing string around others
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Social identity
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the we aspect of our self-concepts. The part of the answer to Who am I? that comes from our group memberships.
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it is empirical
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Social psychology is distinct from folk wisdom because
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Social psychology
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the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Social representation
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socially shared beliefs widely held ideas and values
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responses from others
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sources of self-concept
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statistical significance
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This helps account for the variability to the responses, If p<.01=highly significant, If p<.10=marginally significant
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Study by Jones and Aronson
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participants are given something to read and draw conclusions, one case she is rapped and one case she is almost rapped, the independent variable is respectability, the found the greater the respectable, the greater the violation of the just world. As predicted, the married woman and virgin are more at fault of being assaulted then they did the divorcee.
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Theory of Correspondence Inferences
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created by Jones and Davis in order to put together a model of the Attribution Process. Deals with information that is observed and what one can infer with the information
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Theory
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an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events
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ultimate self-serving bias
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tend to see self as less self serving than others
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independent
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Western Cultures view of self
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when attitude is specific to behavior
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When do attitudes predict behavior?
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when motivated
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When do we go beyond heuristic?
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