Social Psychology: Chapter 5

Front 1

Self-concept

Back 1

The content of the self; that is, our knowledge about who we are

Front 2

Self-awareness

Back 2

The act of thinking about ourselves

Front 3

Self-schemas

Back 3

Mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and that influence what they notice, think about, and remember about themselves

Front 4

Self-reference effect

Back 4

The tendency for people to remember information better if they relate it to themselves

Front 5

Independent view of the self

Back 5

A way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people

Front 6

Interdependent view of the self

Back 6

A way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people; recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

Front 7

Introspection

Back 7

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

Front 8

Self-awareness theory

Back 8

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

Front 9

Causal theories

Back 9

Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g., "absence makes the heart grow fonder"

Front 10

Reasons-generated attitude change

Back 10

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one's attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize

Front 11

Self-perception theory

Back 11

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Front 12

Intrinsic motivation

Back 12

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it fr find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

Front 13

Extrinsic motivation

Back 13

The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

Front 14

Overjustification effect

Back 14

The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

Front 15

Task-contingent rewards

Back 15

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

Front 16

Performance-contingent rewards

Back 16

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

Front 17

Two-factor theory of emotion

Back 17

The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it

Front 18

Misattribution of arousal

Back 18

The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

Front 19

Appraisal theories of emotion

Back 19

Theories holding that emotions result from people's interpretations and explanations of events, even in the absence of physiological arousal

Front 20

Social comparison theory

Back 20

The idea that we learn about our won abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

Front 21

Downward social comparison

Back 21

Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we on a particular trait or ability

Front 22

Upward social comparison

Back 22

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability

Front 23

Social tuning

Back 23

The process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes

Front 24

Impression Management

Back 24

The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

Front 25

Ingratiation

Back 25

The process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status

Front 26

Self-handicapping

Back 26

The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

Front 27

Self-enhancement

Back 27

The tendency to focus on and present positive information about oneself and to minimize negative information