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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social dilemma |
Situations in which our self-interest conflicts with the group-interest each individual chooses in their favor A simple 2-person prototype of a social dilemma is the prisoner’s dilemma |
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prosoners dilemmas |
shows that acting independently isn't always the best option, however working together can lead to a better outcome. |
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replensing(to fill smth up again) resource managment dilemma |
a group has to decide how much of a reusable material can be divided a nd how much has to renew the material.(think about a grain) a group tries to find the ideal amount to divide over the group, but to also remain enough to renew in other words Situation in which members share a renewable resource that will continue to produce benefits if group members do not over harvest it, but in which any single individual profits from harvesting as much as possible |
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public group dilemma |
the sitoation in which the whole group profits of certain collective goods, provided that some individuals will invest in those collective goods. the problem is that if no one invests , those goods or services will dissapear in other words Situation in which 1. The whole group can benefit if some of the individuals give something for the common good, but 2. Individuals profit from“free riding” if enough others contribute "_ |
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free-rider problem |
there will be people using a good or service without paying for it or without helping in maintaining those goods or services |
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2 goals of groups of people make the basis of global dilemmas |
-desire for enough comfort and goods, or desire for direct satisfaction -desire to protect and defend ourselves and the people we care for |
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social traps |
the desire for satisfaction on short term can lead to long-term problems. a social trap is a situation in which a certain choice leads to direct reward, but leads to undesirable consequences for an individual or group on a long term. Situations in which individuals or groups aim for direct satisfaction, which has negative consequences on the long-term (John Platt, 1973 in other words Situation in which individuals or groups are drawn toward immediate rewards that later prove to have unpleasant or lethal consequences à Problem: Ignorance of long-term consequences |
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solutions of social dilemmas |
-structural (Give sanctions• Appoint a leader..) -strategic (Reciprocity (Axelrod): Tit for tat • Don’t be envious • Don’t be first to defect • Reciprocate both defection and cooperation • Don’t be too clever!) -motivational 1.Transformations: social value orientation 2.Communication 3.Identification with the group |
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sliding reinforcers |
is something that when used in small amounts , causes benefits , but when used in big amounts , causes negative consequences. for example cars at the beginning were in a small amount... in other words Stimulust hat brings rewards when used in small doses, but punishments when used in large doses |
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selfish versus pro-socially orientated |
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pro-socially orientated people |
they can be divided into : altruists - motivated to help others, withought self-interest co-operators- they are motivated to work together , and thereby getting the most out of it for themselves and for the group members |
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selfish motivated people |
such people can be divided into individualists - are motivated to get the best out of something for themselves, without considering others competitors- they are motivated to do relatively better than others. |
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changing the consequences of selfishness |
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descriptive norms |
indicates what most people do in a certain situation, without indicating whether this behavior is good or bad Descriptive norms “Everybody’s doing it” |
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injunctive norms |
is a social expectation about what people should do in a certain sitoation Injunctive norms “Doing the right thing” |
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social dominance orientation |
desire to dominance another group with your group |
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authoritarianism |
the tendency to submit to people who have more authority, and to denigrate people who have less authority |
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simplified views? ? |
deterrence(amkrdzalavi) view: the belief that signs of weakness are exploited by the enemy, and that leaders have to show their willingness to use military violence. conflict spiral view - the belief that escalation of the international threat leads to more threatening opponents.leaders therefore have to demonstrate peaceful intentions to prevent escalation. the extend to which a leader uses this simplified view is called integrative complexity |
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xenophobia |
fear and distrust for foreigners |
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time-series analysis |
by this analysis we can study whether two or more returning events have connections over time. |
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punitive(intended as a punishment) deterrent (something that deters people from doing something ) strategy. |
the opponents starts with cooperative game, but when the subject doesn't want to cooperate , the opponent reacts with an attack. in this way threat of the opponent exists. |
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non-punitive deterrent strategy |
the opponent starts with cooperative play and reacts in a defending way on an attack. the opponents doesnt attack and therefore no threat is present |
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turn the other cheek strategy |
the opponent starts with cooperative play and becomes even more cooperative after an attack of the subject. also no threat of the opponent is present |
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cultural chauvinism |
people are unaware of other cultures |
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ethnocentrism |
people are aware of ethnical , religious,racial and national differences between cultures. however they are still convinced that their belief,race, nationality and values and norms are the right ones |
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tolerance |
people are aware of differences between cultures and these differences are also appreciated.however they still have a feeling that their own culture is more effective and more realistic |
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minimalization |
people are aware of the cultural differences, but they especially focus on the similarities between cultures. |
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understanding |
people realise that our own ways of doing things is just one way of many other ways. our way is not per se normal, and other ways are not per se abnormal |
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tit-for-tat strategy |
a player who uses this strategy will play cooperative if his/her opponent is cooperative. if the opponent is competitive , the player will also play a competitive way. agter the player played competitive , he will try to return to cooperative play, so that the opponent might play along. |
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the dollar game |
it demonstrates the way many conflicts between countries are played out. see the rules of the game |
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perceptual dilemma |
a combination of a social dilemma and an outgroup bias.. it means that both groups/countries belief that it is best work together in a conflict but they think the opponent doesnt want a reduction of the conflict and decision that works best for both of them in other words Combination of a social dilemma and an outgroup bias, in which each side in a conflict believes that it is best for both sides to cooperate, while simultaneously believing that the other side would prefer that “we” cooperated while “they” defected à Americans preferred cooperation, but thought that Soviets prefer arming |
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graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT) |
strategy that replaces an escalation of the conflict for an escalation of the collaboration. one side of the conflict has to start making peaceful decision. because of his escalation of more and more peaceful initiatives develops. in other words :Strategy for breaking conflict spirals by publicly challenging the opponent to match de-escalations |
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roots of social traps |
Difference betweenshort- and long-term consequences Driving alone to work or turning on the ai rconditioning feel good now The costs of dwindling energy resources are spread over many years Ignorance about long term consequences Original car designers had no clue that emission gasses would contribute to smog, long diseases and hypertension Sliding reinforcers The first car drivers increased mobility without a significant increase of air pollution Every additional million cars worsened traffic jams and pollution |
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solutions of social dilemmas |
-structural (Give sanctions• Appoint a leader..) -strategic (Reciprocity (Axelrod): Tit for tat • Don’t be envious • Don’t be first to defect • Reciprocate both defection and cooperation • Don’t be too clever!) -motivational 1.Transformations: social value orientation 2.Communication 3.Identification with the group |
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Command-and-control policy: |
A prescriptive legal regulation that uses police power to punish violators à threatening automobile manufacturers if they don’t produce enough fuel-efficent cars (Fear) tareax[ |
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Market-based policy: |
An offer of rewards to those who reduce socially harmful behavior financial rebates for installing solar panels (Greed) |
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Voluntarist policy |
An appeal to people’s intrinsic sense of social responsibility (social responsibility) |
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deterrence view |
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conflict spiral? |
Belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should thus demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce opponent’s own defensive hostilities |
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Integrative complexityne^ |
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