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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psyche
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A broader term for mind, encompassing emotions, desires, perceptions, and all other psychological processes.
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Nature
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The physical world around us, including its laws and processes.
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Theory of Evolution
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Theory proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how change occurs in nature.
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Natural Selection
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Process whereby those members of a species that survive and reproduce most effectively are the ones that pass along their genes to future generations.
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Survival
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Living longer.
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Reproduction
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Producing babies that survive long enough to also reproduce.
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Mutation
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A new gene or combo of genes.
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Social Animals
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Animals that seek connections to others and prefer to live, work and play with other members of their species.
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Cultural Animal
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View that evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture.
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Praxis
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Practical way of doing things.
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Culture
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An information based system that includes shared ideas and common ways of doing things.
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Duplex Mind
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Idea that the mind has two different processing systems: conscious and automatic.
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Conscious System
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Part of the mind that performs complex operations (ie solving a long division problem).
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Automatic System
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Part of mind that performs simple operations (ie multiplication tables, riding a bike, etc).
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Tradeoff
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Choice in which taking or maximizing one benefit requires either accepting a cost or sacrificing another benefit.
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Self Knowledge / Self Concept
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Set of beliefs about oneself.
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Interpersonal Self / Public Self
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Image of the self that is conveyed to others.
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Agent Self / Exec Function
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Part of self involved in control- including both control over others and the self-control.
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Self as Impulse
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Person's inner thoughts and feelings.
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Self as Institution
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Way a person acts in public- esp. in official roles.
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Independent Self Construal
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Self concept which emph. what makes the self different and sets it apart from others. (Individual)
Typical of West |
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Interdependent Self Construal
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Self concept which emph. what connects self to other people and groups. (Member of a unified team)
Typical of East |
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Social Roles
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Different roles a person plays throughout their life.
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Self Awareness
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Attention directed at the self.
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Private Self Awareness
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Looking inward at the private aspects of the self; includes emotions, thoughts, desires, personality traits.
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Public Self Awareness
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Looking outward on public aspects of self that others can see and evaluate (Clothes, etc).
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Standards
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Ideas (concepts) of how things might possibly be: norms, expectations, etc.
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Public Self Consciousness
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Thinking of how others perceive you.
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Self Regulation
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Process used to control and change one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Looking-Glass Self
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Idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others.
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Generalized Other
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Combo of other people's views that tells you who and what you are.
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Introspection
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Process by which a person examines the contents of his/her mind and mental states.
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Social Comparison
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Examining differences btwn oneself and another person.
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Upward Social Comparison
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Comparing self to people better than you - can be inspiring, but mostly just discouraging.
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Downward Social Comparison
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Comparing self to people worse off than you - makes you feel better! (:
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Self-Perception Theory
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(Bem) People observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling (ie I ate two sandwiches: I must have been hungry).
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Phenomenal Self / Working Self Concept
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Image of self that is currently active in the person's thoughts (ie Being the only female in the room makes you more consciously aware of being a woman at the point in time than other points).
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Wanting to perform an activity for its own sake (ie painting for the fun of it).
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Performing an activity because of something that results from it (ie painting for money).
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Overjustification Effect
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Tendency for intrinsic motv. to diminish for activities that have become assoc. w rewards.
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Appraisal Motive
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Simple desire to learn the truth about oneself- good or bad.
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Self Enhancement Motive
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Desire to learn favorable to flattering things about the self- only good.
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Consistency Motive
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Desire to get feedback that confirms what the person already believes about themselves - good=good, bad=bad.
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Self Handicapping
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Putting obstacles in the way of one's own performance so that anticipated or possible failure can be blamed on the obstacle instead of the person's lack of ability (ie taking a test high to justify why you did so poorly- rather than that you are bad at the subject).
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Automatic Egotism
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Rsp by automatic syst that "everything good is me, everything bad is not me."
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Self Reference Effect
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Info somehow relatable to yourself is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, hence remembered better, than other information (ie- know what historical events happened on your birthday- rather than remembering other dates from class).
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Endowment Effect
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Items gain in value to the person that owns them (This is MY $5 water bottle, and you would have to pay $7 to get it from me). Value of MINE.
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Self Esteem
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How favorably one evaluates themselves.
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Self Protection
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Trying to avoid loss of self esteem (ie not putting oneself out there for fear of failure, therefore loss of s.e.).
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Self Deception Strategies
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Mental tricks people use to help them believe things that are false.
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Self Serving Bias
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Pattern in which people claim credit for success (BIRG) yet deny blame for failure (CORF).
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Sociometer
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Measure of how desirable one would be to other people.
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Narcissism
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Excessive self love and a selfish orientation.
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Self Presentation
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Behavior that seeks to convey some image of self or some info about the self to others.
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Risk Aversion
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In decision making, the greater weight given to possible LOSSES than possible gains.
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Temporal Discounting
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In decision making, the greater weight given to the PRESENT over the future.
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Certainty Effect
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In decision making, the greater weight given to definite outcomes rather than probabilities.
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Error Management Theory
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Idea that men and women seek to minimize the most costly type of error, but that men and women's goals, hence worst error- differ.
Women: May pass up better mate due to a pregnancy of a lesser mate- therefore more selective with sex. Men: May pass up mating in general, need to spread seed as much as poss- therefore more readily promiscuous. |
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Status Quo Bias
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Preference to keep things the way they are rather than change.
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What are the 3 ways offers are terminated?
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1) Revocation
2) Rejection 3) Operation of law |
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Reactance Theory
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Idea that people are distressed by loss of freedom or options and seek to reclaim or reassert them.
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Entity Theorists
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Believe traits are fixed, stable things and people should not be expected to change (ie "born" smart).
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Incremental Theorists
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Believe traits are subject to change and improvement (ie studying = smart).
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Learned Helplessness
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Belief one's actions will not bring about desired outcomes, leading one to give up and quit trying. More common w Entity theorists during setbacks.
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Self Determination Theory
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Theory that people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy (free will) and internal motivation
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Panic Button Effect
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Reduction in stress or suffering due to a belief that one has the option of escaping or controlling the situation- even if one doesn't actually exercise it.
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Goal
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Idea of some future desired state.
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Zeigarnik Effect
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Tendency to exp. automatic intrusive thoughts about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted (ie movie gets sold out while waiting in line, think about movie for rest of the day).
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Goal Shielding
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When the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals (ie not thinking about washing your car while writing a term paper).
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Planning Fallacy
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Tendency for plans to be overly optimistic bc planner fails to allow for unexpected problems.
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Self Regulation
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Self's capacity to alter its own responses: self control.
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Monitoring
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Keeping track of behaviors or responses to be regulated.
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TOTE
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Self regulation feedback loop : Test, Operate, Test, Exit. Comparable to a thermostat.
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Capacity for Change
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Active phase of self regulation: will-power. Similar to a "muscle".
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Self Defeating Behavior
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Any action by which people bring failure, suffering, or misfortune on themselves.
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Capacity to Delay Gratification
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Ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards (ie not buying shoes this week to put money in the bank for a vacation this summer).
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