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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Social Psychology emphasizes
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) the power of the situation
) how individuals think, feel, and act |
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Individual level
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Attitudes, Attribution, social cognition
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Interpersonal: with others
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Attraction and relationships, altruism, aggression, influence
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a psychological construct is
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qualities or processes that can't be seen or directly observed
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operational definition
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specific procedure or operation that is used to measure a psychological construct
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characteristics of automatic thinking...
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-unconscious
-involuntary -message dense environment -effortless |
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schemas are
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mental structures that help us organize social information
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schemas consist of..
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basic knowledge
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(T/F) schemas can influence what information we notice, think about, and remember
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T
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social stereotypes are
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schemas about social groups
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When the schema is activated AFTER you have better memory for...
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schema consistent information
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when the schema is activated BEFORE you have better memory for...
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schema INCONSISTENT information
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under what circumstances do we use schemas
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-high cognitive load
-ambiguous situations -low attention |
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characteristics of controlled thinking include
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-conscious
-voluntary -deliberate -intentional |
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cognitive dissonance is
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discomfort arising when beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent
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Which method is best for reducing cognitive dissonance?
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-any method will work
-we will use the easiest available method |
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which is it easier to change: attitudes and cognitions or behaviors?
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attitudes and cognitions
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External Justification is...
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any explanation for counter-attitudinal behaviors that lies outside the individual
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The forced compliance paradigm involves..... and results in.....
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getting someone to do something they don't want to do with little incentive...them compensating by changing internally
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Effort justification theory says that...
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we tend to like things that we have worked hard to attain
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Post decisional dissonance is...
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feelings of dissonance experienced after a behavioral choice has been made from a set of alternatives
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Because permanent decisions induce more dissonance...
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confidence in that choice is greatly increased after the choice has been made
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the threat of severe punishment has what effect...
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it removes dissonance and prevents compensations for the dissonances (external justification for any counter attitudinal behavior)
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the threat of mild punishment has what effect..
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it creates dissonance and because of the mild threat (no external situation) creates the need for compensation, causing internal change
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how long is the change produced from a SEVERE punishment/reward
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temporary
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how long is the change produced from a SMALL or MILD reward. punishment
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lasting
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What is the Ben Franklin effect
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we like our enemies based on the favors we do for them
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why are we more likely to derogate our victims
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if we harm them our beliefs that we are a good person and our actions are incongruent so to compensate for the dissonance we blame them
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the need to feel consistent is the idea of ...
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the original cognitive dissonance theory
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the need to feel good about ourselves is the idea of the....
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self affirmation theory..
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what is the goal of the self affirmation theory and why do we act according to it...
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goal: to maintain high positive self regard
why: because we have values, dont like being hypocritical |
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self perception theory says
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attitudes can be based on an individuals observations of his or own overt behavior
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how does the self perception theory account for the external justification phenomenon?
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it says that over behavior intended to immediately achieve something good or avoid something bad does not inform us of ourselves; so it doesn't cause any problems in our self perception
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Dissonance theory applies when
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the original attitude is strong and a person acts in a way that's clearly inconsistent with it
"HOT" |
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self perception theory applies when..
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original attitude is not as strong "COLD"
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Self perception theory accounts for...
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spreading of alternatives, increased confidence after a decision
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dissonance theory accounts for..
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ben franklin affect, maltreatment of victims, effort justification
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attitude is...
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a positive, negative, or mixed evaluation of a person, object, or idea
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what are the four possible attitudes
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low negative,
high negative, low positive, high positive |
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what are the three components of attitudes...
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affective
behavioral cognitive |
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what is the affective aspect of attitude
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the feelings and emotions the object triggers
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what is the behavioral aspect of attitude
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the action toward the object
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what is the cognitive aspect of attitude
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beliefs about attitude object
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Explicit attitudes
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-attitudes we know we have
-operate at conscious level -affect controllable behaviors -best measured by self-reported scales |
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implicit attitudes
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-attitudes we aren't aware of
-operate at unconscious level -affect involuntary behaviors -best measured implicitly w/ tests etc |
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persuasion is...
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a change in private attitude or belief as a result of receiving a message
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cognitive dissonance causes attitude change when...
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there is a drive to reduce cognitive and attitude behavior inconsistency
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factors affecting the effectiveness of a persuasive appeal
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credibility of the source-expertise
attractiveness-physical, personal attrib motive behind communication argument strength nature or audience |
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What are the two routes in which persuasive messages can cause attitude change...
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central and peripheral
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central route of persuasion-
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elaborates on central merits of attitude object (primary qualities that make the object valuable or desirable)
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peripheral rout of persuasion-
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doesn't analyze primary qualities intensely
relies on other aspects of the object |
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central route needs (high/low) motivation and ability
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high
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peripheral needs (high/low) motivation or low cognitive resources
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low
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what is attitude inoculation..
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developing an immunity to persuasive attempts by pre-exposure to weak forms of the persuasive argument
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why might someone resist persuasion?
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-attitude inoculation
-awareness of persuasive attempts |
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the central route to persuasion causes...
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a more lasting change, affects behavior
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if motivation and ability are high
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use strong arguments
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if motivation and ability are low
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use simple cues
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Cognitive advertising deals with
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utilitarian products (appliances, car insurance etc)
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affectively-based advertising deals with
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consumer products (perfume, designer products)
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Fear arousing communication is..
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a persuasive message attempting to change people's attitudes by arousing their fears, emphasized harmful physical
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low level fear arousal is (affective/ineffective) and why
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ineffective/ fails to capture any attention
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high level fear arousal is (affective/ineffective) and why
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ineffective/ it can be too threatening and lead to dissonance reduction and defensive processing
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moderate level fear arousal is (affective/ineffective) and why
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affective/ when specific recommendations for reducing fear are provided
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subliminal advertising is (affective/ineffective)
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ineffective, the efforts are short lived
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conformity is...
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doing as others do
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compliance is
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doing as others want
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obedience is
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obeying legitimate authority
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what are the small to large request strategies (there are 2)
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foot-in-the-door, and low balling
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foot-in-the-door and why does it work
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original request is small, but after agreemet a much larger favor is requested (cults)
works b/c of self perception theory, dissonance |
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low balling and why does it work
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get agreement and then increase the size of the request (car salesmen)
works because of the psychology of commitment |
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what are the large to small request strategies (there are 2)
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door-in-the-face, and "thats not all"
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door-in-the-face
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make outrageous request and then follow up with a more practical request that seems more attractive
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"thats not all"
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"sweetening the deal" make inflated request but immediately offer discount or bonus
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what are group norms?
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implicit or explicit rules about how to behave
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what are the two examples of influence to conform?
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information and normative
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informational influence means that...
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we conform because we believe that others are right
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normative influence means that
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we conform because we want to be liked or like others
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private conformity results from (normative/informational) and causes...
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informational influence and causes changes in both overt behavior and beliefs
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public conformity results from (normative/informational) and causes...
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normative influence and causes superficial change in overt behavior only
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(T/F) We often correctly infer what the norm is
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F
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pluralistic ignorance:
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a member of a group privately holds a belief but believes that virtually every other member holds a contradictory belief
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an injunctive/prescriptive norm is
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what should be done, what is approved or disapproved
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descriptive norms
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norm that indicates what most people do in a given situation
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minority influence:
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the process by which dissenters produce change within a group, influence b/c of approach
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majority influence
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influence b/c of numbers
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conform then dissent
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another way of minority influencing
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Majorities and minorities exert influence in different ways
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---Majorities have power and control public conformity through normative pressures
--Minorities seen as seriously committed to their views lead to reexamination private conformity |
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aggression is...
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behavior that is intended to harm someone physically or psychologically, intentional, aimed to hurt
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anger is...
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one can be angry without aggression and have aggression without anger, can be an accident, assertive
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what are the different forms of aggression
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instrumental
emotional indirect direct |
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name and explain 2 forms of aggression
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instrumental-inflicting harm to gain something valuable
emotional-inflicting harm for it's own sake; impulsive indirect- inflict harm without face-to-face conflict direct: behavior aimed to hurt with face-to-face conflict |
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amygdala
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is the area in the brain associated with aggression
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(aggression wise) boys are more...
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directly aggressive- verbally and physically
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(aggression wise) girls are more...
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indirectly aggressive- verbal
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(T/F) agression can be positively as well as negatively reinforced
and explain why |
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(T) because
positive re-inf: aggression produces desired outcomes negative re-inf: aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcomes |
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Social learning theory
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behaviorist learning emphasizes direct experience, by watching aggressive models people learn specific aggressive behaviors and develop more positive attitudes about aggression in general
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Some factors that contribute to cultural/situational differences in aggression are...
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heat, population density, economic factors
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anthropologist argue that a _______ forms when there is little centralized authority
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a culture of honor
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is real life crime accurately portrayed on TV and in the media?
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no it is grossly overestimated
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how might medial violence affect behavior?
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-weakens inhibitions against violence
-desensitizes people to violence -illustrates how to be violent -perceives the world as a dangerous place |
