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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SOCIAL COGNITION
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Study of how information about people is processed and stored
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SCHEMAS
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-Mental shortcuts and "frames of mind" or lenses through which we see the world
-they prime us, affecting how we filter/process and store information |
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CATEGORIZATION
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Process of recognizing and identifying something, assuming it possesses characteristics of the schema (or most of them) even if we can't perceive those characteristics directly
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MEMORY as an ASSOCIATIVE NETWORK
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A very large system of schemas that are linked together due to shared meaning.
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SPREADING ACTIVATION
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The activation of one schema activates other linked schemas.
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Memory Stage: ENCODING
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one of two stages for memory, getting information into memory, involves attention, comprehension, and storage
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Memory Stage: RETRIEVAL
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second of two stages of memory, getting information out of memory
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ACCESSIBILITY
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How easily a schema comes to awareness. More accessibility means more likely to be activated. Affected by entirety of experiences/memories...
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PRIMING
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process that increases accessibility of a schema. works because activating a schema once increases its accessibility for the future
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CHRONIC ACCESSIBILITY
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extent to which schemas are easily activated across time and situations for someone
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STEREOTYPE
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Schemas that represent human groups... Attempts to categorize people and draw inferences about them. A set of characteristics someone perceives to be associated with a group of people. Usually includes info on variability in group.
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EFFECTS of STEREOTYPES
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The stereotype makes little loops and related schemas come into the mind that dominate the thought process and make you do worse at the thing you think other people are perceiving you as being bad at it.
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OUTGROUP HOMOGENEITY EFFECT
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tendency to overestimate the similarity within groups to which they do not belong
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AUTOMATIC PROCESS
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A judgement/thought that occurs efficiently without intention (or even awareness, sometimes) and we can't control
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CONTROLLED PROCESS
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An intentional judgement/thought that we are aware of, commanded by us, requiring significant cognitive resources -- "Don't think of a pink elephant" and you will either be consumed with thinking about pink elephants OR you will be consumed with spending all your mental powers towards not thinking about them. In BOTH cases, you will lose touch with what's going on in the present because of the mental preoccupation with the elephants
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RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY
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trying to rebuild the past based on cues and estimates when memory can't be directly retrieved -- Can't remember everything, but you'll construct prototypic memories that embody big parts of your life
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AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
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memories related to the self, often involves estimating what we were like in the past
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BLANK LINEUP
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A lineup that does not include the suspect, everyone is known to be innocent, used to check whether eyewitness falsely identifies one of them. A good test of eyewitness credibility.
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SEQUENTIAL LINEUP
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Eyewitness is shown each person in a line up individually/separately. Fewer identification errors than regular lineup.
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HEURISTICS
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informal rules or shortcuts that are used to make everyday judgements.
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COGNITIVE MISER MODEL
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hypothesis that careful thought processing is only done when necessary
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AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
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tendency to base ones judgement on how easily relevant examples can be generated.
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REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC
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tendency to judge the likelihood that a target belongs to a certain category based on how similar target is to the typical features of the category
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ILLUSORY CORRELATION
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when we think that two variables are related to one another, but they in fact, are not. One cause: people only record and observe what confirms hypothesis, ignoring non-confirming events
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HINDSIGHT BIAS
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tendency to overestimate the predictability of known outcomes
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PERSEVERANCE EFFECT
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tendency to think about an aspect of yourself in the same way even after you've been proven wrong
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COUNTERFACTUAL THOUGHTS
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thoughts of how past events could have turned out differently. generally UPWARD or DOWNWARD
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UPWARD COUNTERFACTUAL THOUGHTS
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thoughts of how past events could've turned out better
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DOWNWARD COUNTERFACTUAL THOUGHTS
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thoughts of how past events could've turned out worse
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SELF-SERVING JUDGEMENTS
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when we define ourselves with traits that are self-flattering while activating stereotypes which are strategically protecting the self
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MOOD-CONGRUENT RECALL
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-moods' influence on social cognition.
-negative moods can elicit more unfavorable stereotypes of minority groups -positive moods can make more positive information more accessible in memory |
