Social Psychology - Aggression (Essay)

Front 1

Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961)

Back 1

- Bobo doll experiment
- Adults model aggressive behaviour
- Social Learning Theory

Front 2

Trait Aggressiveness

Back 2

- Individual difference in aggression
- Stable
- Measured through self-reports

Front 3

Hostile Attribution Bias

Back 3

- Individual difference in aggression
- Tendency to attribute hostile intentions when unclear whether accident or not

Front 4

Gender Differences

Back 4

- Men more aggressive (physical and verbal) (Archer, 2004)
- Indirect aggression: findings mixed

Front 5

Alcohol and Aggression

Back 5

- Homicide
- Domestic violence
- Group violence
- 80% of violent offenders drink alcohol before crime (Murdoch, Phil & Ross, 1990)

Front 6

Bushman and Cooper (1990)

Back 6

- Meta-analysis 56 studies
- More aggression Alcohol vs. Placebo
- BUT: No difference Anti-Placebo vs. Control
- Pharmacological AND psychological effects interact

Front 7

Attentional Hypothesis
(Giancola and Corman, 2007)

Back 7

- Alcohol myopia:
- Prevents thorough processing of situation
- Only pay attention to salient features
- Impairs awareness of social norms
- More responsive to aggressive cues

Front 8

Alcohol and Beliefs

Back 8

- Aggression affected by what person believes they've drunk
- Priming alcohol-related words activates aggression concept
- Alcohol-related imagery makes children behave more aggressively

Front 9

Heat Hypothesis
(Anderson, 2001)

Back 9

- Aggression increases as temperature goes up

Front 10

Geographic Regions Approach

Back 10

- Compares violent crime in hot vs. cooler regions
- Link between hotter climates and higher violence (North vs. South USA)
- BUT: other variables e.g. unemployment, culture

Front 11

Time Periods Approach

Back 11

- Compares violence in same region during hot and cool periods
- Violence higher in summer than winter
- Violence higher in hotter compared to cooler summers (hot year effect)

Front 12

Lefkowitz et al. (1977)

Back 12

- 22 years, aged 8, 18 and 30
- Strong correlation (.24) between TV violence at 8 and aggression at 18
- No correlation between aggression at 8 and TV violence age 18
- No evidence for girls

Front 13

Anderson et al. (2003)

Back 13

- Violent TV, films, video games and music increases aggressive and violent behaviour

Front 14

Anderson and Bushman (2002)

Back 14

- Meta-analysis of effect of violent media on aggression
- Effect sizes between .17 and .23
- Bigger effect size than: low IQ, broken home and abusive parents

Front 15

How Does Violent Media Cause Aggression?

Back 15

1. Priming Aggression
2. Social Learning
3. Increase in Arousal
4. Habituation to Violence
5. Normative Acceptance of Aggression
6. Change of Worldview: Hostile Attribution Bias

Front 16

Bushman and Geen (1990)

Back 16

- Watching media violence increases accessibility of aggressive thoughts
- Priming

Front 17

Averill et al. (1972)

Back 17

- Decline in physiological arousal
- Habituation to violence (from TV)

Front 18

Moller and Krahe (2009)

Back 18

- Normative acceptance of aggression through media violence
- More people see aggression as way to solve conflicts, more they think its common and acceptable

Front 19

Krahe and Moller (2004)

Back 19

- Media violence creates a view of world as hostile place
- Encourages hostile attribution bias

Front 20

Fischer and Greitemeyer (2006)

Back 20

- Violent lyrics in music can trigger aggressive responses

Front 21

Bushman et al. (2007)

Back 21

- Text describing act of violence
- Taken from Bible vs. ancient scroll
- Participants more aggressive from Bible

Front 22

Rennison and Welchans (2000)

Back 22

U.S:
- Women outnumber men as victims of partner violence
- Women more likely to suffer injuries

Front 23

Povey et al. (2009)

Back 23

UK:
- 18% of women physically abused by partner at least one
- 10% of men

Front 24

Archer (2000)

Back 24

- Meta-analysis
- Women more likely to show physical aggression to partner
- Men more likely to inflict harm

Front 25

Craig et al. (2009)

Back 25

- WHO International Survey
- 12.6% victims of bullying
- 10.7% were bullies

Front 26

Theory of Realistic Group Conflict
(Sherif, 1966)

Back 26

- Groups get into violent conflict because they compete for goals such as power or material profit

Front 27

Social Identity Theory
(Tajfel, 1981)

Back 27

- Need to establish postive identity through social groups
- Ingroup favouritism
- Outgroup derogation (promotes hostility and aggression)

Front 28

Deindividuation
(Zimbardo, 1969)

Back 28

- Individuals in large groups lose sense of personal identity and responsibility
- Aggressive, impulsive, irrational
Promoted by:
- Anonymity
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Large group size

Front 29

Change in Attentional Focus
(Diener, 1980)

Back 29

- When alone attention focused on self, personal norms and values
- When in groups attention focused on situation, group norms

Front 30

Johnson and Downing (1979)

Back 30

- Group behaviour more violent than individual if group norms promote aggression