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98 Cards in this Set
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Social Psychology defined |
study of how people relate to and influence each other |
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Norman Triplett |
fist official social psychology type experiment in 1987 on social facilitation. Found that cyclists performed better when paced by others than when they rode alone |
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Kurt Lewin |
Founder of Social Psychology. Applied Gestalt psychology ideas to social behaviour. A person's life space= collection of forces upon the individual. Valence, vector, and barrier= forces in life space |
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Fritz Heider: |
founder of Attribution theory= study of how people infer the causes of other's behaviour. balance theory: study of how people make their feelings and or actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis |
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Actor-observer attributional divergence |
tendency for the person who is doing the behaviour to have a difference perspective than the person watching the behaviour. |
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Self-serving attributional bias |
interpreting one's own actions and motives in a positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for successes. we like to think we are better than average |
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Illusory correlation |
assuming that two unrelated things have a relationship |
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Slippery slope |
logical fallacy that says a small, insignificant first step in one direction will eventually lead to greater steps that will eventually have a significant impact. |
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Hindsight bias |
believing after the fact that you knew something all along |
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Halo Effect |
thinking that if someone has one good quality then he has only good qualities |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
occurs when one's expectations somehow draw out, or in a sense cause, the behaviour that is expected |
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False consensus bias |
assuming most other people think as you do |
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Lee ross |
studied subject who were first made to believe a statement then later told it was false. Subjects continued to believe the statement if they had processed it and devised a logical explanation for it |
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Base-rate fallacy. |
overestimating general frequency of things that we are familiar with |
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M.J. Lerner's just world bias |
belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people |
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Ellen Langer |
illusion of control Belief that you actually can control things you have no influence on. |
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Oversimplification |
Tendency to make simple explanations for complex events. People also hold onto original ideas about cause even when new factors emerge. |
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Representativeness heuristic |
using a shortcut about typical assumptions to guess at an answer rather than relying on actual logic. |
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Availability heuristic |
when people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group than there really is because of that one thing comes to mind more easily |
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Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory |
Suggests that it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match their actions. After making a difficult decision, people are motivation to back their actions up mu touting corresponding beliefs. Also, the less the act is justified by circumstance the more we feel the need to justify it by bringing our attitude in line with the behaviour |
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Daryl Bem's self-perception theory |
Offers an alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance. Bem asserted that when people are unsure of their beleifs, they take their cues from their own behaviour |
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Overjustification effect |
follows from self-perception theory. It is the tendency to assume that we must not want to do things that we are paid or compensated to do. |
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Gain-loss theory |
suggests that people act in order to obtain gain and avoid loss. People feel most favourable toward situations that start out negatively and end positively. |
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Social-exchange theory |
suggests that humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize cost |
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Self-presentation |
particularly positive self-presentation, is an important influence on behaviour. We act in ways that are in line with our attitudes or in ways that will be socially acceptable by others. |
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Self-monitoring |
Is the process by which people pay close attention to their actions. Often, as a result, people change their behaviours to be more favorable.
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Impression Management |
behaving in ways that might make a good first impression |
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Social facilitation |
tendency for the presence of others to either enhance or hinder performance |
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Robert Zajonc |
Found that the presence of others helps with easy tasks and hinders more difficult ones |
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Social comparison |
evaluation one's own actions, abilities, opinions, and ideas by comparing them to those of others. Because these "others" are generally familiar people from our own social group or strata. Social comparison has been used as an argument against mainstreaming |
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Role |
set of behaviour norms that seem suitable for a particular person |
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Morton Deutsch |
prisoner's dilemma and trucking company game- illustrate the struggle between cooperation and competition. gamble of cooperation and competition p. 125 book |
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Equity theory |
Idea that people feel most comfortable in situations in which rewards and punishments are equal, fitting, or highly logical |
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overbenefited people tend to feel: |
guilty |
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random or illogical punishments make people |
anxious |
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Stanley Milgram's stimulus-overload theory |
explains why urbanites are less prosocial than country people are; urbanites don't need any more interaction |
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Reciprocal interaction |
constant exchange of influences between people, is a constant factor in our behaviour |
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Conformity |
going along with real or perceived group pressure |
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compliance |
to go along publicly but not privately |
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Acceptance |
to change beliefs to conform to majority |
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dissenter |
someone who speaks out against the majority |
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Conditions that influence likelihood |
there is a majority opinion the majority has a unanimous position the majority has a high status, or the individual is concerned with her own status, the situation is public the individual was not previously committed to another position the individual has low self-esteem the individual scores high on a measure of authoritarianism |
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reactance |
refusal to conform that may occur as a result of a blatant attempt to control. |
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People will often not conform if they are |
forewarned that others will attempt to change them |
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Stanley Milgram |
Shock experiment. |
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Philip Zimbardo |
wearing hoods made people more likely to administer shocks, deindividualization |
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Solomon Asch |
opinion of unequal lines on the board. influenced by others unanimously stating that they were equal to present a false belief. |
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Muzafer Sherif's |
Autokinetic effect Change attitude if: speaker was an expert or trustworthy similar to the listener acceptable to the listener overheard rather than trying to influence content anecdotal, emotional or shocking, two person debate rather than just one sided |
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R.E. Petty and J.T. cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of persuasion |
Suggests that people who are very involved in an issue listen to the strength of the arguments in the issue rather than more superficial aspects such as the physical characteristics of the speaker |
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Sleeper effect |
explains why persuasive communication from a source of low credibility may become more credible over time |
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McGuire's inocluation theory |
asserts that people's beliefs are vulnerable if they have never faced challenge. Once they have experienced a challenge to their opinions, however, they are less vulnerable. Challenge is like a vacination |
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Deindividuation |
Occurs when individual identity or accountability is de-emphasized |
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Kitty Genovese case |
the murder of a woman witnessed by scores of people, led to investigation of the bystander effect |
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Diffusion of responsibility |
tendency that the larger the group, the less likely individuals in the group will act out or take responsibility |
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social loafing |
tendency to work less hard in a group as a result of diffusion of responsibility. Monitoring each individual closely helps prevent this. |
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Philip Zombardo anti-social behaviour |
Positively correlates with population density. |
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Competition for scarce resources causes conflict in a gorup |
cooperative action can counteract this |
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contact with opposing party |
decreases conflict- we fear what we do not know |
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James stoner- group polarization |
concept of group discussion generally serves to strengthen the already dominant point of view |
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risky shift |
due to group polarizaiton. Why risky behaviour is more popular in groups rather than individually |
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Group think |
Irving Janis Likely to occur in a group that has unquestioned beliefs, pressure to conform, invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness within, isolation from without, and a strong leader. |
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Pluralistic ignorance |
is when most of the people in a group privately disagree with something but incorrectly believe that most people in the group agree with it |
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Kenneth and Mamie Clark |
Doll preference studies black and white children preferred playing with white dolls |
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ingroup/outgroup bias |
individuals in one group think their members have more positive qualities and fewer negative qualities than members of the other group even though the qualities are the same in each... basis for prejudice |
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We are attracted to other people who (5) |
1. are near us, because we get a chance to know them (propinquity) 2. Are physically attractive 3. Have attitudes similar to our own 4. Like us back (reciprocity) |
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True or false: opposites attract? |
FALSE |
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Reciprocity of disclosure |
Equal intensity of sharing information, secrets/ emotional closeness |
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Excitation-transfer theory |
says sometimes we attribute our excitement or physiological arousal about one thing to something else ex. Bungee jumping on first date make us like that person MORE |
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Mere-exposure effect |
The more we see or experience something, the more positively we rate it |
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Richard Lazarus |
studied stress and coping differentiated between problem-focused coping (changing the stressor)and emotion-focused coping (changing our response to the stressor) |
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Objective self-awareness |
Achieved through self-perception, high self-monitoring internally, and self-efficacy |
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Door-in-face effect |
sales tactic in which people as for more than they would ever get and "settle" for less (the realistic amount they hoped for) |
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
How doing a small favour makes people more willing to do larger ones later |
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Social support network |
effects on mental health have emerged as an area of study that combines social and clinical ideas |
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J. Rodin and E. Langer |
showed that nursing home residents who have plants to care for have better health and lower mortality rates |
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Bogus Pipeline |
An instrument that measures physiological reactions in order to measure the truthfulness of attitude self-reporting |
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Peter principle |
the concept that people are promoted at work until they reach a position of incompetence, the position in which they will remain |
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Stuart Valins |
studied environmental influences on behaviour. Architecture matters. Students in long-corridor dorms feel more stressed and withdrawn than students in suite-style dorms |
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Leonard Berkowitz's frustration- aggression hypothesis |
Posits a relationship between frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) and the show of agression |
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M. Rokeach |
studied racial bias and the similarity of beliefs. People prefer to be with like minded people more than with like-skinned people. Also racial bias decreases as attitude similarity increases |
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M. Fishbein and I Ajzen |
known for theory of reasoned action. - state's that people's behaviour in a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation and social norms |
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Cross-cultural research |
most of it revolves around determining whether western ways of conceptualizing or behaving are the same as in other cultures. |
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Hazel Markus |
found that eastern countries value interdependence vs. western countries value independence |
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Attitude |
positive, negative or neutral evaluation of a person, issue, or object |
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Elaine Hatfield |
Different kinds of love. 2. basic types of love - compassionate -passionate |
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passionate love |
intense longing for the union with another and a state of profound physiological arousal biophysiological system shared by all (primates) |
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Compassionate love |
Affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined Mutual trust, respect, and commitment |
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Paul Ekman |
6 basic emotions due to recognizing emotions in photographs. Facial action coding FACS coding can determine whether a smile is genuine or fake |
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6 basic emotions |
sadness happiness fear anger surprise disgust |
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Reciprocal socialization |
When two parties (ex. parents and children) adapt to or are socialized by each other. |
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Harold Kelley |
Attributions we make about our actions or those of others are usually accurate. Base this on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus of action |
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Industrial/organizational psychology |
branch of psychology that deals with the workplace. I/O psychologist work to increase an organization's efficiency and functionality by improving the performance and well-being of the people in the organization |
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Walter Dill Scott |
one of the first people to apply psychology principles to business....advertising helped military to implement psychological testing |
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Henry landsberger |
Hawthorne effect 1955 people's performance changes when they are being observed |
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Muzafer Sherif |
Robber's cave experiment 2 groups of 12-year olds attended summer camp. 3 phases of social dynamic's in group and out group formation conflict resolution strategy |
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Sherif's 3 phases of social dynamics |
1. in-group phase-- boys bonded with their own groups 2.friction phase- 2 groups met and became competitive 3. Integration phase- 2 teams had to work together to a common goal that neither could accomplish alone. |
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Sociotechnical system |
method of work design that acknowledges the interaction between people and technology in the workplace |
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Sunk cost |
an expense that has been incurred and cannot be recovered. Best decision is to ignore these when making decisions, the money has already been spent and is irrelevant to the future. |
