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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ABC Triad |
Affect (how people feel inside), Behavior (what people do), Cognition (what people think about you) |
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Personality vs. Social Psychology |
Personality: Differences btw. individuals, as well as inner processes
Social: how humans think, act & feel; joint action of personal and situational influences |
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Applied Research |
research that focuses on solving particular practical problems |
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Basic Research |
research that focuses a general understanding of basic principles that can be applied to many different problems |
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Theories |
unobservable constructs that are linked together in some logical way |
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Within-subjects design |
participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable |
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Between-subjects design |
participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable |
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Construct validity of the cause |
extent to which the independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus |
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Construct validity of the effect |
extent to which the dependent variable is valid representation of the theoretical response |
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Random assignment |
procedure whereby each study participant has an equal chance of being in each treatment group -nothing to do with random selection |
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Experimental realism |
the extent to which study participants get so caught up in the procedures that they forget they are in an experiment |
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Mundane realism |
refers to whether the setting of an experiment physically resembles the real world |
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Random sample |
a sample wherein each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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Psyche |
a broader term for mind, encompassing emotions, desires, perceptions, and all other psychological processes |
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Social animal |
animals that seek connections to others and prefer to live, work, and play with other members of their species |
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Cultural animals |
the view that evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture |
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Duplex mind |
the idea that the mind has two different processing systems -deliberate and automatic |
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Automatic system |
the part of the mind outside of consciousnesses that performs simple operations |
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Deliberate system |
the part of the mind that performs complex operations |
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Independent self-construal |
a self-concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others |
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Interdependent self-construal |
a self-concept that emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups |
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Self-regulation |
the process people use to control and charge their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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Looking-glass self |
the idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others |
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Upward social comparison |
comparing yourself to people better than you |
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Downward social comparison |
comparing yourself to people worse off than you |
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Intrinsic motivation |
wanting to perform an activity for its own sake |
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Extrinsic motivation |
performing an activity because of something that results from it |
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Self-handicapping |
putting obstacles in the way of one's own performance so that anticipated or possible failure can be blamed on the obstacle instead of on a lack of ability |
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Self-serving bias |
a pattern in which people claim credit for success but deny blame for failure |
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Temporal discounting |
in decision making, the greater weight given to the present over the future |
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Father of Social Psychology |
Kurt Lewin -trained Leon Festinger |
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Levels of Analysis |
-Anthropology -Sociology -Social Psychology -Personality Psychology |
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Operationalization |
how we convert an abstract idea into a measurable, observable quantity |
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Concept of inclusive fitness |
expanded the notion of fitness to any characteristics that increase the fitness of you or your close kin |
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Trivers Parental Investment Theory (1971) |
the extent to which males an females of a species invest personal resources in offspring yo different degrees strongly predicts sex differences |
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Mating strategies |
monogamy: invest roughly the same polygyny (multiple female partners): males invest less polyandry (multiple male partners): females invest less |
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Mate choice selectivity |
*promiscuity sex that invests less-can afford to be more promiscuous |
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Life span |
sex that invests more, lives longer |
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Error management theory (Hazelton & Buss, 2000)` |
************8 |
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Sex vs. gender |
testosterone levels=sex related learned experience=gender |
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Social cognition |
a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thought about people and about social relationships |
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Schemas |
knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts |
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Scripts |
knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior |
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Priming |
activating an idea in someone's mind so that related ideas are more accessible |
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Attributions |
the casual explanations people give for their own and others' behaviors and for events in general |
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Correspondence bias |
tendency for observers to attribute other people's behavior to internal or dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes |
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Heurisitc |
mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events |
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Representative heuristic |
tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case |
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Availability heurisitc |
tendency to judge frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
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Stimulation heurisitc |
tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally stimulate) it |
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Gambler's fallacy |
tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will "even out" in the short run |
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Counterfactual thinking |
imagining alternatives to past or present events or circumstances upward: imagining alternatives that are better than actuality downward: imagining alternatives that are worse than actuality |
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Self-concept |
a dynamic system of identities, beliefs, and feelings that a person has about who he or she is, would like to be, or thinks he or she ought to be
actual self, ought self, ideal self |
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4 C's of Self-concept |
-complexity -confidence -centrality -changeability |
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Complexity (self-concept) |
-number of defining domains (10 statements test) -organization: compartmentalized vs. integrated |
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Changeability |
Dweck "fixed" vs. "growth" mindset Fixed: avoids challenges, gives up easily Growth: embraces challenges, persists |
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Implicit vs. Explicit self-esteem |
explicit: conscious implicit: "endowment effect" letters of name, number in birthday |
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Reflected self-appraisals (Mead & Cooley) |
our self-views are based on how we think other see us -begins with primary attachment figures and moves to peers during adolescence *passive, social |
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Self-perception (Bem) |
process of examining our own behaviors or experiences and interfering who we are -take examples>infer a trait about you *active, non-social process |
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Social comparison (Festinger) |
assessing our strength & weaknesses relative to other people -Upward & Downward comparisons *passive, social |
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Self-enhancement theory (simple self-enhancement) |
people want positive feed back > the more the better |
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Self-enhancement theory (compensatory self-enhancement) |
when our self-esteem is threatened, we seek or create positivity |
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Indirect Self Enhancement |
Basking In Reflected Glory (BIRG) associate ourselves with successful or desirable people of things |
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Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model |
-Centrality is key when deciding whether to BIRG or compare -Psychological closeness and credibility affect how we feel after comparing or BIRGing |
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Tesser & Smith (1980) |
pairs of male friends came to lab for verbal task-one person gives clues & other competes against a stranger to guess target words -IV: task described as measure of verbal ability vs. game (high vs. low centrality) -DV: difficulty of clues given to friend vs. stranger in Round 2 |
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Self-verification theory |
people desire feedback that matches their self-views whether good or bad -based on the need for prediction and control |
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Self-Handicapping |
the opportunity to excuse failure and take credit for success Claimed- say lots of traffic, make logical excuse to get out of date Behaviorial-actually get in wreck to avoid date |
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Berglas & Jones (1978) |
Round 1: took easy/difficult test, everyone received successful feedback Drug choice: actavil (enhancor) vs. pandocrin (inhibtor) Round 2: second test DV: % of participants who took pandocrin *when behavioral is only handicap available, men more likely to take it |
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Wegner (1994) |
thought suppression & ironic monitoring -"don't think about white bear" -ironic monitoring effects: occurs with thoughts and behaviors |
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Baumister (1998) Strength model of self control |
-self-control takes will power -will power is a form of psychological energy ex) chocolate cookies vs. radishes >then asked to do subsequent impossible task
-will power depleted |
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Strengthening moral muscle |
engaging in acts of self-control in one domain over a long period of time can reduce depletion effects in other domains |
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"Thin-slicing" behaviors |
how we can use limited, brief, or degrading information to male inferecnes we can tell: -gender -sexual orientation -relationship success(John Gotman) -dominance & warmth -basic personality traits |
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Kelley's Attribution Theory |
power of the situation to compel or constrain -situational/contextual information can lead to >discounting/augmentation |
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Jones & Davis |
Correspondence inference theory key factor: Freedom of CHOICE -when people have free choice, we tend t assume their behaviors correspond to internal states |
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Jones & Harris (1967) |
attribution of attitudes set-up: had participants read essay about Castro, supposedly written by debate team member *correspondence bias *we tend to over-infer that others are the way they act |
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Automatic vs. Controlled mental process |
Correspondence inference: automatic Correct inference: controlled |
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Anxious woman study |
*in notes* |
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Synder & Swann (1978) |
introvert vs. extrovert study do their hypotheses influence questions asked? >yes |
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Lord, Ross, & Lepper (1979) |
Death Penalty Study -measured people's attitudes toward death penalty -gave partisans 2 essays to read & evaluate Results: people were more accepting of evidence that supported prior beliefs "Allegiance effect" |
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Behavioral confirmation (self-fulfilling prophecy) |
when an expectation you have about another person shapes your behavior toward that person, and your behavior then elicits a response from them that confirms your expectations |
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Kelley (1950) |
warm/cold variable as an expectation -described incoming subsitute teacher to students: 26 yrs. old, veteran, married, warm/cold -students rated "warm" instructor more considerate -not behavioral confirmation b/c teacher was not measured if reacted as expected |
