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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why Do we help?
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Evolutionary approaches - kinship selection (genes will survive into the next generation.
Sociocultural Approaches - social norms (norm of reciprocity, norm of equity, norm of social responsibility vs. norm of noninvolvement in urban environments) |
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Theories of why we help?
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Empathy - Altruism Hypothesis and Negative State of Mind
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Norm of Equity
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Accessing the costs & benefits for the amount of help you expect to get
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Norm of Social Responsibility
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Basis principle of how we should treat people
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Norm of Non involvement
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In urban environments - counternorm - idea that it is not appropriate to help - densely populated areas
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When do we help?
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Situational Variables that promote helping behavior
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Models
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Social Learning by obeservation - others model behavior and we imitate it
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Social and Personal Norms
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Internal feelings of moral obligation and moral responsibility
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Rewards / Punishment (operant conditioning)
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Helping others with direct punishment and rewards
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Mood
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We help when we are in a good mood - uniformly the mood is situational
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Time
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Potent influence - do we have the time
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Whom do we help?
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Physicall Attractive Others
Similar Others Deserving Others Victim/Attacker are strangers |
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Why don't we help?
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The Bystander Effect - presence of others inhibits hleping
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The Decision Tree
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1. Notice Incident (distraction)
2. Interpret the Event as an Emgergency (perception, motivation, pluralistic ignorance) 3. Take Responsibility for Helping (diffusion of responsibility) 4. Decision on an Appropriate from of assistance (lack of competence) 5. Take Action (audience inhibition, fear) |
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The Recipient of Help
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Over-helping may make us feel incapable, dependent, or incompetent.
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Threat - to - Self-Esteem Model
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Help will be viewed positively if it makes us feel appreciated and cared for
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Defining Aggression
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Must include Intention - can be an intentional act or an intentional failure to act
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Kinds of Aggression
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Verbal or physical (can be prosecuted)
Direct or indirect (symbolic) Emotional (anger/hostility)vs. Instrumental(using aggression to get what I want-goal oriented) |
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Theories of Aggression (internal)
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Internal Factors:
Freud (psychoanalytic theory) Thanatos based on a death instict wihin us Lorenz (Ethology) instict that is triggered by social cues Darwin (evolutionary theory/natural selection) adapative behavior that increases survial |
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Theories of Aggression (external)
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External factors:
Operant Conditioning: Learning via reinforcement and punishment Observational or social Learnng: Learning via observation and imitation of models Frustration-aggression Hypothesis: frustration leads to aggression or displaced aggression, which leads to a catharsis (a release of frustration) |
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Factors that may lead to aggression
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Situational cues - Weapons Effect: when aggression cues are paired with frustration, aggression may occur
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Factors that may lead to aggression
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Noxious (unpleasant)Stimuli: environmental (crowding, temperature, noice,)prone to lash out. The situation pushes aggression to a point and pp give up
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Factors that may lead to aggression
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Use of Euphemistic Labels - justifying and allowing the increase of aggression and violence
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Factors that may lead to aggression
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Deindividuation - in a crowd we lose our self and become unaware as an invididual and become part of crowd - losing personal self
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Factors that may lead to aggression
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Dehumanization: we hide our own identity behind sunglasses or a costume (halloween) and I can be anybody (Simbardo Exp guards/prisoners)
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Media Violence and Aggression
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TV violence and aggression - observation and modeling of violence; desensitization also occurs, most studies are correlational (watching violent TV is associated with great violence) they go together
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Pornography and aggression
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Nonviolent pornography affects attitudes toward women (calous view) and rape victims (no aggression)
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Pornography and aggression
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Violent Pornography affects attitudes toward women and rape victims, increases belief in rape myths, increases male-to-female aggression in lab studies (males only). Affects our attitude towards stereotypes
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Pornography and aggression
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Non-pornographic media with sexual and violent imagery - rated R movies (horror movies)also has an affect for Men and Women
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Social Influence
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The way we are influenced by pressure real or imagined from others
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3 Types of Social Influence
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Conformity: behave to be consistent with group standards
Compliance: yield to a direct request from another Obedience: follow a direct order or command from an authority figure |
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Classic Studies of Conformity
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Sherif - different task of perception - the ambiguity of not knowing an answer people confirm
The Asch Paradigm: When given a clear answer no one confirms, but it failed as 75% of the group answered incorrectly |
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Why People Confirm?
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Informational social Influence - the group knows better
Normative social influence - ability of the group to punish or reward |
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Factors Affecting Conformity
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Individual difference factors (age, cultural) In private - Men will confirm; in public Women will confirm
Salience of norm: having an awareness of norms (church) Group Size - levels at 4pp Group Unanimity - it is difficult for a person to go against the group Minority Influence (consistentcy is key) |
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Factors that Affect Compliance
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Offer a reason for the request - mindlessness so we give into the request
Norm of Reciprocity - we help others who help us |
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Sequential Request Strategies
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Foot-in-the-door technique:commit to a small request; then they hit you with a big one
Door-in-the-face technique:an enourmous request is made first but will comply to a smaller one Lowballing:car dealerships, when you commit to a set price, they will gradually add items to the price. That's not all Tecnique: throw extra things to get you to commit - informercials |
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Obedience
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A direct explicit command or order from an authority figure
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Variables that Affect Obedience
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Status of Authority: I was ordered to to it - 65% did not stop shocking
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Variable that Affect Obedience
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Closeness/proximity of authority figure: 10% were shocked were they had direct contact - the closer you get to authority obedience was obeyed
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Variable that Affects Obedience
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Closeness/proximity of victim - the closer to the victim the more pp disobeyed
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Variable that Affects Obedience
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Model of Disobedience (others who disobey)seeing another person say "no" was enought to disobey
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Can the minority ever influence the majority?
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A minority that is consistent but flexible and adheres to opinions that fit with the current spirit of the time has a good chance of changing majority opionion
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Social Impact theory
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When your opinion is different frm that of a unanimous majority, you are faced with a dilemma
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Allies - True Parner Effect
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When there is another person who supports our perceptions the tendency to conform reduces
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Minority Influences
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A consistent minority is usually perceiced as being more confident and less willing to compromise - as the size of the minority increases, so does perceived competence
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Socal Influence
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Operates in two Directions:
from Majority to minority and from Minority to Majority |
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Majority Influence
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Operates through the application of pressure (privately they don't accept majority's view)
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Minority Influence
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Operates from a private level - making pp think more deeply about the minority's position - similar to infomrational influence
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Social Impact Theory
Influence = S I N |
Single underlying process
Strength of the source Immediacy (closeness) Number of influence sources Influence increases rapidly b/t zero to 3 sources |
